Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
Medium45.09%
Salary Range
Low (10th %)$45,860
Median$147,420
High (90th %)$219,810
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Apply principles of psychology to human resources, administration, management, sales, and marketing problems. Activities may include policy planning; employee testing and selection, training, and development; and organizational development and analysis. May work with management to organize the work setting to improve worker productivity.
The occupation "Industrial-Organizational Psychologists" has an automation risk of 45.1%, closely reflecting its base risk of 46.0%. This moderate risk indicates that while some tasks are susceptible to automation, the profession still requires significant human expertise and judgment. Much of the automation risk comes from tasks that involve structured processes, quantitative assessment, and the application of standardized methods—areas where artificial intelligence and advanced data analytics have made substantial inroads. Tasks such as providing advice on best practices and implementation for selection, developing and implementing employee selection or placement programs, and analyzing data using statistical methods to evaluate workplace programs are all highly automatable. These activities rely on data-driven decision-making and repetitive analysis, areas where algorithmic solutions excel. However, the occupation's risk is tempered by several responsibilities that are notably resistant to automation. The most resistant tasks tend to require a deep understanding of human behaviors and nuanced interpersonal interactions. For example, studying consumers' reactions to new products, packaging designs, or advertising through surveys and tests hinges on interpreting human sentiment and context, which machines still struggle to assess at a sophisticated level. Likewise, participating in mediation and dispute resolution, and counseling workers about career-related issues, demand empathy, negotiation, and tailored guidance—skills that remain outside the effective reach of current AI systems. These human-centric tasks serve as a significant bottleneck to full automation in the field. The primary bottleneck skills for automation risk in this occupation are centered on originality, with measured levels of 3.9% and 4.0%. Originality here refers to the ability to develop novel ideas, innovate approaches to human behavior challenges, and creatively solve workplace issues—competencies that automation struggles to replicate due to their inherent unpredictability and complexity. The relatively low risk associated with these skills further explains why industrial-organizational psychology is less automatable than more routine or mechanical jobs. As organizations continue to value creative problem-solving and nuanced human interaction, these skill bottlenecks ensure the ongoing need for professional expertise in the field, keeping full automation at bay despite ongoing technological advancements.
Filter by Automatable Status
Provide advice on best practices and implementation for selection.
Partially Automatable
Analyze data, using statistical methods and applications, to evaluate the outcomes and effectiveness of workplace programs.
Partially Automatable
Observe and interview workers to obtain information about the physical, mental, and educational requirements of jobs, as well as information about aspects such as job satisfaction.
Partially Automatable
Facilitate organizational development and change.
Partially Automatable
Analyze job requirements and content to establish criteria for classification, selection, training, and other related personnel functions.
Partially Automatable
Advise management concerning personnel, managerial, and marketing policies and practices and their potential effects on organizational effectiveness and efficiency.
Partially Automatable
Conduct presentations on research findings for clients or at research meetings.
Partially Automatable
Coach senior executives and managers on leadership and performance.
Partially Automatable
Conduct individual assessments, including interpreting measures and providing feedback for selection, placement, or promotion.
Partially Automatable
Train clients to administer human resources functions, including testing, selection, and performance management.
Partially Automatable
Assess employee performance.
Partially Automatable
Identify training and development needs.
Partially Automatable
Study organizational effectiveness, productivity, and efficiency, including the nature of workplace supervision and leadership.
Partially Automatable
Provide expert testimony in employment lawsuits.
Partially Automatable
Develop new business by contacting potential clients, making sales presentations, and writing proposals.
Partially Automatable
Write reports on research findings and implications to contribute to general knowledge or to suggest potential changes in organizational functioning.
Partially Automatable
Write articles, white papers, or reports to share research findings and educate others.
Partially Automatable
Review research literature to remain current on psychological science issues.
Partially Automatable
Counsel workers about job and career-related issues.
Non-Automatable
Participate in mediation and dispute resolution.
Non-Automatable
Study consumers' reactions to new products and package designs, and to advertising efforts, using surveys and tests.
Partially Automatable
Conduct research studies of physical work environments, organizational structures, communication systems, group interactions, morale, or motivation to assess organizational functioning.
Partially Automatable
Develop and implement employee selection or placement programs.
Partially Automatable
Develop interview techniques, rating scales, and psychological tests used to assess skills, abilities, and interests for the purpose of employee selection, placement, or promotion.
Partially Automatable
Formulate and implement training programs, applying principles of learning and individual differences.
Partially Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningCritical ThinkingComplex Problem SolvingOperations MonitoringQuality Control AnalysisSystems EvaluationManagement of Personnel ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceActive LearningLearning StrategiesMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingService OrientationOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperation and ControlEquipment MaintenanceTroubleshootingRepairingJudgment and Decision MakingSystems AnalysisTime ManagementManagement of Financial ResourcesManagement of Material Resources
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
Administration and ManagementAdministrativeEconomics and AccountingSales and MarketingCustomer and Personal ServicePersonnel and Human ResourcesProduction and ProcessingFood ProductionComputers and ElectronicsEngineering and TechnologyDesignBuilding and ConstructionMechanicalMathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologyHistory and ArcheologyPhilosophy and TheologyPublic Safety and SecurityLaw and GovernmentTelecommunicationsCommunications and MediaTransportationPsychologySociology and AnthropologyGeographyMedicine and DentistryForeign LanguageFine ArtsEducation and TrainingTherapy and CounselingEnglish Language
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsInspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsGetting InformationEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationIdentifying Objects, Actions, and EventsProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking CreativelyUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkPerforming General Physical ActivitiesHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesDocumenting/Recording InformationJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleRepairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment
Microsoft VisioPadletGoogle SheetsMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft WordMuthen & Muthen MplusMicrosoft ProjectPsychometric testing softwareScientific Software International BILOG-MGScientific Software International LISRELScientific Software International MULTILOGScientific Software International TESTFACTWinstepsSASMicrosoft VisioSASMuthen & Muthen MplusPadletMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft WordGoogle SheetsLearning management system LMSMentimeterMicrosoft ProjectScientific Software International LISRELScientific Software International MULTILOGScientific Software International TESTFACTWinstepsAssessment Systems Corporation XCALIBREHypertext markup language HTMLHypertext markup language HTMLHuman resource information system (HRIS)Oracle PeopleSoftPsychometric testing softwareScientific Software International BILOG-MGAdobe AcrobatAdobe AcrobatIBM SPSS StatisticsLearning management system LMSScientific Software International HLMScientific Software International HLMAssessment Systems Corporation XCALIBREScientific Software International PARSCALEScientific Software International PARSCALEHuman resource information system (HRIS)MentimeterOracle PeopleSoftIBM SPSS StatisticsMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft PowerPointWeb browser softwareWeb browser softwareMicrosoft AccessMicrosoft Access
Human Resources Managers
Medium49.09%
Plan, direct, or coordinate human resources activities and staff of an organization.
Training and Development Managers
Medium49.05%
Plan, direct, or coordinate the training and development activities and staff of an organization.
Social and Community Service Managers
Medium36.80%
Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of a social service program or community outreach organization. Oversee the program or organization's budget and policies regarding participant involvement, program requirements, and benefits. Work may involve directing social workers, counselors, or probation officers.
Human Resources Specialists
Medium54.95%
Recruit, screen, interview, or place individuals within an organization. May perform other activities in multiple human resources areas.
Project Management Specialists
Medium52.50%
Analyze and coordinate the schedule, timeline, procurement, staffing, and budget of a product or service on a per project basis. Lead and guide the work of technical staff. May serve as a point of contact for the client or customer.
Management Analysts
Medium51.36%
Conduct organizational studies and evaluations, design systems and procedures, conduct work simplification and measurement studies, and prepare operations and procedures manuals to assist management in operating more efficiently and effectively. Includes program analysts and management consultants.
Training and Development Specialists
Medium50.29%
Design or conduct work-related training and development programs to improve individual skills or organizational performance. May analyze organizational training needs or evaluate training effectiveness.
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
Medium40.09%
Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients.
School Psychologists
Medium38.83%
Diagnose and implement individual or schoolwide interventions or strategies to address educational, behavioral, or developmental issues that adversely impact educational functioning in a school. May address student learning and behavioral problems and counsel students or families. May design and implement performance plans, and evaluate performance. May consult with other school-based personnel.
Neuropsychologists
Medium38.62%
Apply theories and principles of neuropsychology to evaluate and diagnose disorders of higher cerebral functioning, often in research and medical settings. Study the human brain and the effect of physiological states on human cognition and behavior. May formulate and administer programs of treatment.
Clinical Neuropsychologists
Low32.77%
Assess and diagnose patients with neurobehavioral problems related to acquired or developmental disorders of the nervous system, such as neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, and learning disabilities. Recommend treatment after diagnosis, such as therapy, medication, or surgery. Assist with evaluation before and after neurosurgical procedures, such as deep brain stimulation.
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors
Medium41.45%
Advise and assist students and provide educational and vocational guidance services.
Mental Health Counselors
Medium33.62%
Counsel and advise individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health, with an emphasis on prevention. May help individuals deal with a broad range of mental health issues, such as those associated with addictions and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; stress management; self-esteem; or aging.
Rehabilitation Counselors
Medium39.06%
Counsel individuals to maximize the independence and employability of persons coping with personal, social, and vocational difficulties that result from birth defects, illness, disease, accidents, aging, or the stress of daily life. Coordinate activities for residents of care and treatment facilities. Assess client needs and design and implement rehabilitation programs that may include personal and vocational counseling, training, and job placement.
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium40.35%
Teach courses in business administration and management, such as accounting, finance, human resources, labor and industrial relations, marketing, and operations research. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium44.10%
Teach courses in psychology, such as child, clinical, and developmental psychology, and psychological counseling. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Education Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium43.05%
Teach courses pertaining to education, such as counseling, curriculum, guidance, instruction, teacher education, and teaching English as a second language. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium40.96%
Teach courses in social work. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Instructional Coordinators
Medium49.06%
Develop instructional material, coordinate educational content, and incorporate current technology into instruction in order to provide guidelines to educators and instructors for developing curricula and conducting courses. May train and coach teachers. Includes educational consultants and specialists, and instructional material directors.
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping
High67.61%
Compile and keep personnel records. Record data for each employee, such as address, weekly earnings, absences, amount of sales or production, supervisory reports, and date of and reason for termination. May prepare reports for employment records, file employment records, or search employee files and furnish information to authorized persons.
Survey Researchers
Medium52.28%
Plan, develop, or conduct surveys. May analyze and interpret the meaning of survey data, determine survey objectives, or suggest or test question wording. Includes social scientists who primarily design questionnaires or supervise survey teams.
Sociologists
Medium49.13%
Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members.