Salary Range
Low (10th %)$59,250
Median$84,940
High (90th %)$131,470
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Diagnose and implement individual or schoolwide interventions or strategies to address educational, behavioral, or developmental issues that adversely impact educational functioning in a school. May address student learning and behavioral problems and counsel students or families. May design and implement performance plans, and evaluate performance. May consult with other school-based personnel.
The occupation "School Psychologists" has an automation risk of 38.8%, slightly below the base risk of 39.5% for related occupations. This moderate risk level reflects the balance between routine, document-based tasks and more nuanced, interpersonal work inherent in the role. School psychologists often engage in activities that can be at least partially automated by current technologies, such as data management and structured reporting. However, the occupation retains a significant amount of complexity and human judgment, which limits the overall extent to which automation can replace human workers in this field. Among the tasks most susceptible to automation are compiling and interpreting students' test results, along with integrating input from teachers and parents, to diagnose conditions and determine eligibility for special services. Maintaining student records, including special education documents, confidential files, and behavioral data, is likewise highly automatable, as it primarily consists of administrative duties. Reporting pertinent information to authorities in cases of child endangerment, neglect, or abuse is also on the automatable end, since protocol-driven documentation and flagging systems can be programmed to assist or even partially replace these aspects given clear guidelines. On the other hand, some core responsibilities of school psychologists remain largely resistant to automation, providing a buffer against total job displacement. Conducting research to generate new knowledge for addressing learning and behavioral issues requires both creativity and expert judgment, which are difficult to replicate with automated systems. Providing educational programs—such as training on classroom management or parenting skills—demands interactive, adaptive communication tailored to diverse audiences. Finally, initiating and guiding efforts to promote tolerance and diversity in school communities involves not only practical knowledge but also high emotional intelligence and cultural awareness. Bottleneck skills in this occupation, such as originality (measured at levels of 3.0% and 3.5%), further emphasize the importance of creative, human-driven problem-solving that remains challenging for current AI and automation systems to emulate.
Filter by Automatable Status
Maintain student records, including special education reports, confidential records, records of services provided, and behavioral data.
Partially Automatable
Report any pertinent information to the proper authorities in cases of child endangerment, neglect, or abuse.
Partially Automatable
Select, administer, and score psychological tests.
Partially Automatable
Interpret test results and prepare psychological reports for teachers, administrators, and parents.
Partially Automatable
Assess an individual child's needs, limitations, and potential, using observation, review of school records, and consultation with parents and school personnel.
Partially Automatable
Develop individualized educational plans in collaboration with teachers and other staff members.
Partially Automatable
Counsel children and families to help solve conflicts and problems in learning and adjustment.
Non-Automatable
Collect and analyze data to evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs and other services, such as behavioral management systems.
Partially Automatable
Provide consultation to parents, teachers, administrators, and others on topics such as learning styles and behavior modification techniques.
Partially Automatable
Collaborate with other educational professionals to develop teaching strategies and school programs.
Partially Automatable
Design classes and programs to meet the needs of special students.
Partially Automatable
Promote an understanding of child development and its relationship to learning and behavior.
Partially Automatable
Refer students and their families to appropriate community agencies for medical, vocational, or social services.
Partially Automatable
Serve as a resource to help families and schools deal with crises, such as separation and loss.
Non-Automatable
Initiate and direct efforts to foster tolerance, understanding, and appreciation of diversity in school communities.
Non-Automatable
Provide educational programs on topics such as classroom management, teaching strategies, or parenting skills.
Partially Automatable
Conduct research to generate new knowledge that can be used to address learning and behavior issues.
Partially Automatable
Compile and interpret students' test results, along with information from teachers and parents, to diagnose conditions and to help assess eligibility for special services.
Partially Automatable
Attend workshops, seminars, or professional meetings to remain informed of new developments in school psychology.
Non-Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningLearning StrategiesComplex Problem SolvingEquipment MaintenanceQuality Control AnalysisSystems EvaluationRepairingJudgment and Decision MakingSystems AnalysisTime ManagementManagement of Financial ResourcesManagement of Material ResourcesManagement of Personnel ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceCritical ThinkingActive LearningMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingService OrientationOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperations MonitoringOperation and ControlTroubleshooting
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
Administration and ManagementAdministrativeEconomics and AccountingSales and MarketingCustomer and Personal ServicePersonnel and Human ResourcesProduction and ProcessingFood ProductionComputers and ElectronicsEngineering and TechnologyDesignBuilding and ConstructionMechanicalMathematicsHistory and ArcheologyPhilosophy and TheologyPublic Safety and SecurityPhysicsChemistryBiologyPsychologySociology and AnthropologyGeographyMedicine and DentistryForeign LanguageFine ArtsEducation and TrainingTelecommunicationsCommunications and MediaTransportationTherapy and CounselingLaw and GovernmentEnglish Language
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsInspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsGetting InformationIdentifying Objects, Actions, and EventsEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking CreativelyUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkPerforming General Physical ActivitiesHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesDocumenting/Recording InformationDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersRepairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment
Google MeetWord processing softwarePresentation softwareTesting softwareMicrosoft WordWeb browser softwareCentris Group RTIm DirectEwing Solutions QuickWriterGlobal Education Technologies EXCENTInstructional softwareOasys structural design and analysis softwarePsychsoft !ObserveSmart Solutions IEP AnywhereMicrosoft PowerPointSpectrum K12 School Solutions EncoreSpED FormsTechnical Perspectives CLASS IEP ProgramTest scoring softwareXperts iep.onlineWord processing softwareMicrosoft WordWeb browser softwareCentris Group RTIm DirectEwing Solutions QuickWriterGlobal Education Technologies EXCENTInstructional softwareOasys structural design and analysis softwarePsychsoft !ObserveSmart Solutions IEP AnywhereSpectrum K12 School Solutions EncoreSpED FormsTechnical Perspectives CLASS IEP ProgramTest scoring softwareXperts iep.onlineMicrosoft PowerPointGoogle MeetZoomSpreadsheet softwareTesting softwareZoomSpreadsheet softwarePresentation softwareCentris Group IEP DirectCentris Group IEP DirectChalkware Education Solutions IEPProChalkware Education Solutions IEPProMediaNet Solutions e-IEP PROMediaNet Solutions e-IEP PROPowerSchool Group PowerSchool SISPowerSchool Group PowerSchool SISSunGard Pentamation IEPplusSunGard Pentamation IEPplusVision Management Consulting IEP PlaNETVision Management Consulting IEP PlaNETEmail softwareEmail softwareMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft Office software
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
Medium40.09%
Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients.
Neuropsychologists
Medium38.62%
Apply theories and principles of neuropsychology to evaluate and diagnose disorders of higher cerebral functioning, often in research and medical settings. Study the human brain and the effect of physiological states on human cognition and behavior. May formulate and administer programs of treatment.
Clinical Neuropsychologists
Low32.77%
Assess and diagnose patients with neurobehavioral problems related to acquired or developmental disorders of the nervous system, such as neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, and learning disabilities. Recommend treatment after diagnosis, such as therapy, medication, or surgery. Assist with evaluation before and after neurosurgical procedures, such as deep brain stimulation.
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors
Medium41.45%
Advise and assist students and provide educational and vocational guidance services.
Marriage and Family Therapists
Medium42.56%
Diagnose and treat mental and emotional disorders, whether cognitive, affective, or behavioral, within the context of marriage and family systems. Apply psychotherapeutic and family systems theories and techniques in the delivery of services to individuals, couples, and families for the purpose of treating such diagnosed nervous and mental disorders.
Mental Health Counselors
Medium33.62%
Counsel and advise individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health, with an emphasis on prevention. May help individuals deal with a broad range of mental health issues, such as those associated with addictions and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; stress management; self-esteem; or aging.
Child, Family, and School Social Workers
Low32.79%
Provide social services and assistance to improve the social and psychological functioning of children and their families and to maximize the family well-being and the academic functioning of children. May assist parents, arrange adoptions, and find foster homes for abandoned or abused children. In schools, they address such problems as teenage pregnancy, misbehavior, and truancy. May also advise teachers.
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers
Medium37.73%
Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education.
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium44.10%
Teach courses in psychology, such as child, clinical, and developmental psychology, and psychological counseling. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Education Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium43.05%
Teach courses pertaining to education, such as counseling, curriculum, guidance, instruction, teacher education, and teaching English as a second language. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education
Medium35.87%
Teach academic and social skills to kindergarten students.
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education
Medium36.78%
Teach academic and social skills to students at the elementary school level.
Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten
Medium39.17%
Teach academic, social, and life skills to kindergarten students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities.
Special Education Teachers, Elementary School
Medium40.00%
Teach academic, social, and life skills to elementary school students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities.
Special Education Teachers, Middle School
Medium35.57%
Teach academic, social, and life skills to middle school students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities.
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School
Medium41.13%
Teach academic, social, and life skills to secondary school students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities.
Tutors
Medium50.53%
Instruct individual students or small groups of students in academic subjects to support formal class instruction or to prepare students for standardized or admissions tests.
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education
Medium43.08%
Assist a preschool, elementary, middle, or secondary school teacher with instructional duties. Serve in a position for which a teacher has primary responsibility for the design and implementation of educational programs and services.
Teaching Assistants, Special Education
Medium37.50%
Assist a preschool, elementary, middle, or secondary school teacher to provide academic, social, or life skills to students who have learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Serve in a position for which a teacher has primary responsibility for the design and implementation of educational programs and services.
Psychiatrists
Medium38.90%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent mental disorders.
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
Medium45.09%
Apply principles of psychology to human resources, administration, management, sales, and marketing problems. Activities may include policy planning; employee testing and selection, training, and development; and organizational development and analysis. May work with management to organize the work setting to improve worker productivity.
Sociologists
Medium49.13%
Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members.
Social and Human Service Assistants
Medium50.51%
Assist other social and human service providers in providing client services in a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, or social work, including support for families. May assist clients in identifying and obtaining available benefits and social and community services. May assist social workers with developing, organizing, and conducting programs to prevent and resolve problems relevant to substance abuse, human relationships, rehabilitation, or dependent care.
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium40.96%
Teach courses in social work. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education
Medium36.81%
Instruct preschool-aged students, following curricula or lesson plans, in activities designed to promote social, physical, and intellectual growth.
Special Education Teachers, Preschool
Medium40.31%
Teach academic, social, and life skills to preschool-aged students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities.
Adapted Physical Education Specialists
Medium41.78%
Provide individualized physical education instruction or services to children, youth, or adults with exceptional physical needs due to gross motor developmental delays or other impairments.
School Bus Monitors
Medium33.33%
Maintain order among students on a school bus. Duties include helping students safely board and exit and communicating behavioral problems. May perform pretrip and posttrip inspections and prepare for and assist in emergency evacuations.