Salary Range
Low (10th %)$32,190
Median$46,110
High (90th %)$67,330
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Perform clerical duties for courts of law, municipalities, or governmental licensing agencies and bureaus. May prepare docket of cases to be called; secure information for judges and court; prepare draft agendas or bylaws for town or city council; answer official correspondence; keep fiscal records and accounts; issue licenses or permits; and record data, administer tests, or collect fees.
The occupation "Court, Municipal, and License Clerks" has been assessed with an automation risk of 66.0%, closely aligning with its base risk of 66.7%. This relatively high risk reflects the prevalence of routine, administrative tasks that can be easily standardized and thus automated through emerging technologies. For instance, one of the most automatable tasks is evaluating information on applications to verify completeness and accuracy, which can be handled efficiently by automated document and data verification systems. Similarly, performing administrative tasks such as answering telephones, filing documents, and maintaining supplies are highly susceptible to automation by virtual assistants, workflow management tools, and inventory systems. Another automatable responsibility is verifying the authenticity of documents, a process increasingly streamlined by digital ID verification systems and AI-driven validation software. Despite a significant portion of tasks being automatable, certain functions of this occupation demonstrate resistance to automation due to their complexity or need for human interaction and judgment. Preparing dockets or calendars of cases, for example, often involves nuanced understanding of legal priorities and scheduling constraints, which machines may struggle to fully replicate. Additionally, planning or directing the maintenance, filing, safekeeping, or computerization of all municipal documents requires oversight, strategic planning, and adaptability—skills that still heavily depend on human discretion and organizational awareness. Issuing various permits and licenses, especially where regulatory compliance and interaction with the public are involved, also remains challenging for automation, as these processes sometimes require tailored explanations and judgement-based decisions from clerks. The major bottleneck skills that limit full automation of this occupation are related to originality, although their impact is relatively minor, with skill levels measured at just 2.3% and 2.0%. Originality pertains to the ability to come up with new ideas or alternative solutions—an area where current AI and automated systems exhibit notable limitations. While creative problem-solving and adapting to unique, complex situations are not dominant aspects of clerical work, they become crucial in exceptional cases or in process improvement initiatives. As automation technology continues to advance, these skills provide some resistance for the remaining, less repetitive portions of the job, but overall, the routine nature of much of the clerks' work keeps their occupation at a moderately high risk level for automation.
Filter by Automatable Status
Evaluate information on applications to verify completeness and accuracy and to determine whether applicants are qualified to obtain desired licenses.
Partially Automatable
Verify the authenticity of documents, such as foreign identification or immigration documents.
Partially Automatable
Record and edit the minutes of meetings and distribute to appropriate officials or staff members.
Partially Automatable
Issue public notification of all official activities or meetings.
Automatable
Record and maintain all vital and fiscal records and accounts.
Partially Automatable
Record case dispositions, court orders, or arrangements made for payment of court fees.
Automatable
Answer questions or provide advice to the public regarding licensing policies, procedures, or regulations.
Partially Automatable
Prepare meeting agendas or packets of related information.
Partially Automatable
Examine legal documents submitted to courts for adherence to laws or court procedures.
Partially Automatable
Prepare ordinances, resolutions, or proclamations so that they can be executed, recorded, archived, or distributed.
Partially Automatable
Code information on license applications for entry into computers.
Automatable
Prepare documents recording the outcomes of court proceedings.
Partially Automatable
Perform budgeting duties, such as assisting in budget preparation, expenditure review, or budget administration.
Partially Automatable
Prepare and issue orders of the court, such as probation orders, release documentation, sentencing information, or summonses.
Partially Automatable
Perform record checks on past or current licensees, as required by investigations.
Partially Automatable
Perform general office duties, such as taking or transcribing dictation, typing or proofreading correspondence, distributing or filing official forms, or scheduling appointments.
Automatable
Instruct parties about timing of court appearances.
Automatable
Respond to requests for information from the public, other municipalities, state officials, or state and federal legislative offices.
Partially Automatable
Coordinate or maintain office tracking systems for correspondence or follow-up actions.
Partially Automatable
Train other workers or coordinate their work, as necessary.
Partially Automatable
Perform contract administration duties, assisting with bid openings or the awarding of contracts.
Partially Automatable
Participate in the administration of municipal elections, such as preparation or distribution of ballots, appointment or training of election officers, or tabulation or certification of results.
Partially Automatable
Search files and contact witnesses, attorneys, or litigants to obtain information for the court.
Partially Automatable
Issue various permits and licenses, such as marriage, fishing, hunting, and dog licenses, and collect appropriate fees.
Automatable
Plan or direct the maintenance, filing, safekeeping, or computerization of all municipal documents.
Partially Automatable
Prepare dockets or calendars of cases to be called.
Automatable
Research information in the municipal archives upon request of public officials or private citizens.
Partially Automatable
Perform administrative tasks, such as answering telephone calls, filing court documents, or maintaining office supplies or equipment.
Partially Automatable
Question applicants to obtain required information, such as name, address, or age, and record data on prescribed forms.
Automatable
Answer inquiries from the general public regarding judicial procedures, court appearances, trial dates, adjournments, outstanding warrants, summonses, subpoenas, witness fees, or payment of fines.
Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningService OrientationOperations MonitoringEquipment MaintenanceJudgment and Decision MakingManagement of Material ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceCritical ThinkingActive LearningLearning StrategiesMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingComplex Problem SolvingOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperation and ControlTroubleshootingRepairingQuality Control AnalysisSystems AnalysisSystems EvaluationTime ManagementManagement of Financial ResourcesManagement of Personnel Resources
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
Administration and ManagementAdministrativeEconomics and AccountingSales and MarketingCustomer and Personal ServicePersonnel and Human ResourcesProduction and ProcessingFood ProductionComputers and ElectronicsEngineering and TechnologyDesignBuilding and ConstructionMechanicalMathematicsHistory and ArcheologyPhilosophy and TheologyPublic Safety and SecurityPhysicsChemistryBiologyPsychologySociology and AnthropologyGeographyMedicine and DentistryForeign LanguageEnglish LanguageFine ArtsEducation and TrainingTelecommunicationsCommunications and MediaTransportationTherapy and CounselingLaw and Government
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsMonitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationGetting InformationIdentifying Objects, Actions, and EventsJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking CreativelyUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersRepairing and Maintaining Electronic EquipmentDocumenting/Recording InformationDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesPerforming General Physical Activities
LexisNexisSyscon Court ClerkData Technologies SummitIBM Judicial Enforcement Management System JEMSSpreadsheet applicationsCorel WordPerfect Office SuiteZoomMicrosoft PowerPointThomson Reuters WestlawLexisNexisSyscon Court ClerkCorel WordPerfect Office SuiteAbilis CORIS Offender Management SystemIBM Judicial Enforcement Management System JEMSSpreadsheet applicationsIBM NotesThomson Reuters WestlawZoomWork scheduling softwareWork scheduling softwareAdobe AcrobatIBM NotesAdobe AcrobatData Technologies SummitAbilis CORIS Offender Management SystemEmail softwareEmail softwareMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft WordMicrosoft WordMicrosoft AccessMicrosoft Access
Administrative Services Managers
Medium45.13%
Plan, direct, or coordinate one or more administrative services of an organization, such as records and information management, mail distribution, and other office support services.
Compliance Officers
Medium53.94%
Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere.
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents
Medium59.98%
Determine tax liability or collect taxes from individuals or business firms according to prescribed laws and regulations.
Lawyers
Medium41.23%
Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.
Judicial Law Clerks
Medium49.30%
Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents.
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers
Medium47.51%
Conduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements.
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates
Low21.10%
Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.
Paralegals and Legal Assistants
Medium45.20%
Assist lawyers by investigating facts, preparing legal documents, or researching legal precedent. Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, to formulate a defense, or to initiate legal action.
Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers
Medium60.33%
Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies.
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners
High79.75%
Use verbatim methods and equipment to capture, store, retrieve, and transcribe pretrial and trial proceedings or other information. Includes stenocaptioners who operate computerized stenographic captioning equipment to provide captions of live or prerecorded broadcasts for hearing-impaired viewers.
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers
Medium52.67%
Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers.
Correspondence Clerks
High78.29%
Compose letters or electronic correspondence in reply to requests for merchandise, damage claims, credit and other information, delinquent accounts, incorrect billings, or unsatisfactory services. Duties may include gathering data to formulate reply and preparing correspondence.
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs
High66.78%
Determine eligibility of persons applying to receive assistance from government programs and agency resources, such as welfare, unemployment benefits, social security, and public housing.
File Clerks
High71.35%
File correspondence, cards, invoices, receipts, and other records in alphabetical or numerical order or according to the filing system used. Locate and remove material from file when requested.
Receptionists and Information Clerks
High74.18%
Answer inquiries and provide information to the general public, customers, visitors, and other interested parties regarding activities conducted at establishment and location of departments, offices, and employees within the organization.
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants
Medium60.44%
Provide high-level administrative support by conducting research, preparing statistical reports, and handling information requests, as well as performing routine administrative functions such as preparing correspondence, receiving visitors, arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings. May also train and supervise lower-level clerical staff.
Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants
High68.79%
Perform secretarial duties using legal terminology, procedures, and documents. Prepare legal papers and correspondence, such as summonses, complaints, motions, and subpoenas. May also assist with legal research.
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive
High71.06%
Perform routine administrative functions such as drafting correspondence, scheduling appointments, organizing and maintaining paper and electronic files, or providing information to callers.
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks
High81.10%
Process new insurance policies, modifications to existing policies, and claims forms. Obtain information from policyholders to verify the accuracy and completeness of information on claims forms, applications and related documents, and company records. Update existing policies and company records to reflect changes requested by policyholders and insurance company representatives.
Office Clerks, General
Medium65.57%
Perform duties too varied and diverse to be classified in any specific office clerical occupation, requiring knowledge of office systems and procedures. Clerical duties may be assigned in accordance with the office procedures of individual establishments and may include a combination of answering telephones, bookkeeping, typing or word processing, office machine operation, and filing.
Legislators
Medium39.17%
Develop, introduce, or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, state, or federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions.
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators
Medium40.62%
Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved.
Bailiffs
Low23.14%
Maintain order in courts of law.
Correctional Officers and Jailers
Medium40.28%
Guard inmates in penal or rehabilitative institutions in accordance with established regulations and procedures. May guard prisoners in transit between jail, courtroom, prison, or other point. Includes deputy sheriffs and police who spend the majority of their time guarding prisoners in correctional institutions.
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
Low27.10%
Maintain order and protect life and property by enforcing local, tribal, state, or federal laws and ordinances. Perform a combination of the following duties: patrol a specific area; direct traffic; issue traffic summonses; investigate accidents; apprehend and arrest suspects, or serve legal processes of courts. Includes police officers working at educational institutions.