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Legislators

Medium39.17%
Salary Range
Low (10th %)$21,010
Median$47,290
High (90th %)$129,510

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Develop, introduce, or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, state, or federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions.

The occupation of "Legislators" carries an automation risk of 39.2%, which reflects a moderate probability of job displacement by machines and artificial intelligence in the foreseeable future. This base risk stems from the presence of certain responsibilities within the legislative role that are highly structured and conducive to automation. The top three most automatable tasks for legislators include analyzing and understanding the local and national implications of proposed legislation, appointing nominees to leadership posts or approving such appointments, and conferring with colleagues to formulate positions and strategies related to pending issues. These activities often involve processing large amounts of information, following procedural rules, and coordinating through standardized communication channels—areas where computational algorithms and decision-support technologies excel. However, a significant portion of legislators’ work remains resistant to automation due to its inherently human-centered and context-sensitive nature. The top three least automatable tasks highlight the importance of interpersonal skills and nuanced judgement. These are: speaking to students to encourage and support the development of future political leaders; representing government at local, national, and international meetings and conferences; and promoting the industries and products of their electoral districts. These responsibilities require charisma, adaptability, and the ability to build trust and foster relationships—qualities that current AI technologies lack. Human legislators are uniquely positioned to understand cultural nuances, negotiate sensitive agreements, and inspire community engagement, which remain significant barriers to full automation. Key bottleneck skills further underscore the complexity of automating the legislator’s occupation. High-level skills such as negotiation, public speaking, and complex problem-solving are essential to legislative work and are currently difficult to replicate with AI. Emotional intelligence and ethical judgment are vital for representing constituents fairly and making decisions that consider long-term societal consequences. Additionally, cultural awareness and diplomacy are fundamental for international representation and coalition-building. While routine and analytical tasks may become increasingly automated, the core of legislative work relies on advanced social, cognitive, and ethical skills, supporting the moderate overall automation risk identified for this profession.

Filter by Automatable Status
Confer with colleagues to formulate positions and strategies pertaining to pending issues.
Partially Automatable
Debate the merits of proposals and bill amendments during floor sessions, following the appropriate rules of procedure.
Partially Automatable
Develop expertise in subject matters related to committee assignments.
Partially Automatable
Keep abreast of the issues affecting constituents by making personal visits and phone calls, reading local newspapers, and viewing or listening to local broadcasts.
Partially Automatable
Maintain knowledge of relevant national and international current events.
Automatable
Make decisions that balance the perspectives of private citizens, public officials, and party leaders.
Non-Automatable
Negotiate with colleagues or members of other political parties in order to reconcile differing interests, and to create policies and agreements.
Partially Automatable
Prepare drafts of amendments, government policies, laws, rules, regulations, budgets, programs and procedures.
Partially Automatable
Read and review concerns of constituents or the general public and determine if governmental action is necessary.
Partially Automatable
Represent their parties in negotiations with political executives or members of other parties, and when speaking with the media.
Non-Automatable
Review bills in committee, and make recommendations about their future.
Partially Automatable
Seek federal funding for local projects and programs.
Partially Automatable
Vote on motions, amendments, and decisions on whether or not to report a bill out from committee to the assembly floor.
Non-Automatable
Write, prepare, and deliver statements for the Congressional Record.
Partially Automatable
Alert constituents of government actions and programs by way of newsletters, personal appearances at town meetings, phone calls, and individual meetings.
Partially Automatable
Attend receptions, dinners, and conferences to meet people, exchange views and information, and develop working relationships.
Non-Automatable
Conduct "head counts" to help predict the outcome of upcoming votes.
Partially Automatable
Determine campaign strategies for media advertising, positions on issues, and public appearances.
Non-Automatable
Encourage and support party candidates for political office.
Partially Automatable
Establish personal offices in local districts or states, and manage office staff.
Partially Automatable
Organize and maintain campaign organizations and fundraisers, in order to raise money for election or re-election.
Partially Automatable
Oversee expense allowances, ensuring that accounts are balanced at the end of each fiscal year.
Partially Automatable
Promote the industries and products of their electoral districts.
Partially Automatable
Represent their government at local, national, and international meetings and conferences.
Non-Automatable
Speak to students to encourage and support the development of future political leaders.
Partially Automatable
Appoint nominees to leadership posts, or approve such appointments.
Partially Automatable
Serve on commissions, investigative panels, study groups, and committees in order to examine specialized areas and recommend action.
Partially Automatable
Evaluate the structure, efficiency, activities, and performance of government agencies.
Partially Automatable
Analyze and understand the local and national implications of proposed legislation.
Partially Automatable
Hear testimony from constituents, representatives of interest groups, board and commission members, and others with an interest in bills or issues under consideration.
Partially Automatable

Chief Executives
Medium38.73%
Determine and formulate policies and provide overall direction of companies or private and public sector organizations within guidelines set up by a board of directors or similar governing body. Plan, direct, or coordinate operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate executives and staff managers.
General and Operations Managers
Medium47.73%
Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of public or private sector organizations, overseeing multiple departments or locations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Usually manage through subordinate supervisors. Excludes First-Line Supervisors.
Treasurers and Controllers
Medium49.16%
Direct financial activities, such as planning, procurement, and investments for all or part of an organization.
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary
Medium42.14%
Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of kindergarten, elementary, or secondary schools.
Education Administrators, Postsecondary
Medium40.85%
Plan, direct, or coordinate student instruction, administration, and services, as well as other research and educational activities, at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges.
Social and Community Service Managers
Medium36.80%
Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of a social service program or community outreach organization. Oversee the program or organization's budget and policies regarding participant involvement, program requirements, and benefits. Work may involve directing social workers, counselors, or probation officers.
Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers
Medium42.37%
Monitor and evaluate compliance with equal opportunity laws, guidelines, and policies to ensure that employment practices and contracting arrangements give equal opportunity without regard to race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability.
Labor Relations Specialists
Medium47.34%
Resolve disputes between workers and managers, negotiate collective bargaining agreements, or coordinate grievance procedures to handle employee complaints.
Political Scientists
Medium45.66%
Study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. May study topics, such as public opinion, political decisionmaking, and ideology. May analyze the structure and operation of governments, as well as various political entities. May conduct public opinion surveys, analyze election results, or analyze public documents.
Social and Human Service Assistants
Medium50.51%
Assist other social and human service providers in providing client services in a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, or social work, including support for families. May assist clients in identifying and obtaining available benefits and social and community services. May assist social workers with developing, organizing, and conducting programs to prevent and resolve problems relevant to substance abuse, human relationships, rehabilitation, or dependent care.
Directors, Religious Activities and Education
Medium37.53%
Coordinate or design programs and conduct outreach to promote the religious education or activities of a denominational group. May provide counseling, guidance, and leadership relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems.
Lawyers
Medium41.23%
Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.
Judicial Law Clerks
Medium49.30%
Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents.
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers
Medium47.51%
Conduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements.
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators
Medium40.62%
Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved.
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium43.63%
Teach courses in political science, international affairs, and international relations. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Public Relations Specialists
Medium47.68%
Promote or create an intended public image for individuals, groups, or organizations. May write or select material for release to various communications media. May specialize in using social media.
Patient Representatives
Medium47.37%
Assist patients in obtaining services, understanding policies and making health care decisions.
Court, Municipal, and License Clerks
Medium65.96%
Perform clerical duties for courts of law, municipalities, or governmental licensing agencies and bureaus. May prepare docket of cases to be called; secure information for judges and court; prepare draft agendas or bylaws for town or city council; answer official correspondence; keep fiscal records and accounts; issue licenses or permits; and record data, administer tests, or collect fees.
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants
Medium60.44%
Provide high-level administrative support by conducting research, preparing statistical reports, and handling information requests, as well as performing routine administrative functions such as preparing correspondence, receiving visitors, arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings. May also train and supervise lower-level clerical staff.

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