Salary Range
Low (10th %)$41,020
Median$57,490
High (90th %)$102,810
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Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents.
The occupation "Judicial Law Clerks" has been assigned an automation risk of 49.3%, which is slightly below the base risk of 50.0%. This risk level suggests that about half of the work done by judicial law clerks could potentially be automated in the foreseeable future. The primary reason for this risk is that many of the key tasks performed by law clerks, such as legal research and composing documents, are increasingly becoming amenable to automation through advancements in artificial intelligence and legal technology platforms. Specifically, the top three most automatable tasks for judicial law clerks include preparing briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues in cases (with appropriate recommendations), researching relevant laws and court decisions, and drafting or proofreading judicial opinions and decisions. Modern AI models and legal software can now assist or even fully automate many of these activities by quickly retrieving relevant information, generating draft content, and reviewing documents for accuracy and consistency. As these technologies continue to mature, the proportion of these routine and research-oriented tasks accomplished by machines is expected to rise. Despite these advances, certain elements of a judicial law clerk’s role remain highly resistant to automation. Duties such as performing core courtroom functions (e.g., calling calendars, administering oaths), maintaining and updating a judge's law library, and supervising law students or other personnel require a combination of interpersonal skills, contextual awareness, and adaptability that current AI cannot fully replicate. Additionally, bottleneck skills for this occupation—particularly originality, rated at 2.8% and 2.9%—underscore the ongoing need for unique, creative reasoning in legal work. These resistant tasks and skills are significant barriers to complete automation, helping to explain why the risk is moderate rather than significantly higher.
Filter by Automatable Status
Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations.
Partially Automatable
Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court.
Partially Automatable
Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations.
Partially Automatable
Confer with judges concerning legal questions, construction of documents, or granting of orders.
Partially Automatable
Keep abreast of changes in the law and inform judges when cases are affected by such changes.
Partially Automatable
Attend court sessions to hear oral arguments or record necessary case information.
Partially Automatable
Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress.
Partially Automatable
Communicate with counsel regarding case management or procedural requirements.
Partially Automatable
Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues.
Partially Automatable
Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems.
Automatable
Verify that all files, complaints, or other papers are available and in the proper order.
Partially Automatable
Coordinate judges' meeting and appointment schedules.
Partially Automatable
Prepare periodic reports on court proceedings, as required.
Partially Automatable
Supervise law students, volunteers, or other personnel assigned to the court.
Non-Automatable
Maintain judges' law libraries by assembling or updating appropriate documents.
Partially Automatable
Perform courtroom duties, including calling calendars, administering oaths, and swearing in jury panels and witnesses.
Automatable
Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief.
Partially Automatable
Participate in conferences or discussions between trial attorneys and judges.
Non-Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningOperations MonitoringQuality Control AnalysisSystems AnalysisManagement of Material ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceCritical ThinkingActive LearningLearning StrategiesMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingService OrientationComplex Problem SolvingOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperation and ControlEquipment MaintenanceTroubleshootingRepairingJudgment and Decision MakingSystems EvaluationTime ManagementManagement of Financial ResourcesManagement of Personnel Resources
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
Administration and ManagementAdministrativeEconomics and AccountingSales and MarketingCustomer and Personal ServicePersonnel and Human ResourcesProduction and ProcessingFood ProductionComputers and ElectronicsEngineering and TechnologyDesignBuilding and ConstructionMechanicalMathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologyPsychologyHistory and ArcheologyPhilosophy and TheologyPublic Safety and SecurityLaw and GovernmentTelecommunicationsCommunications and MediaTransportationSociology and AnthropologyGeographyMedicine and DentistryForeign LanguageEnglish LanguageFine ArtsEducation and TrainingTherapy and Counseling
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsGetting InformationIdentifying Objects, Actions, and EventsInspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking CreativelyUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkPerforming General Physical ActivitiesHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersDocumenting/Recording InformationInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesRepairing and Maintaining Electronic EquipmentRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment
American Legalnet eDocketsMicrosoft WindowsMicrosoft operating systemAdvanced Technologies Class ActCompugov DocketViewCanyon Solutions JcatsLegal Files softwareMicrosoft ExcelAderant CompuLawAmerican Legalnet Smart DocketsInfocom JACSLexisNexis Lexis AdvanceLexisNexis SmartLinxThomson Reuters WestlawOrion Law Management Systems OrionPTS Solutions WinJuris Court SolutionsPublic Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER)Syscon Court ClerkThomson Reuters WestlawNextWordPerfectOracle JavaServer Pages JSPWord processing softwareWeb browser softwareCorel WordPerfect Office SuiteAdvanced Technologies Class ActCanyon Solutions JcatsAderant CompuLawAmerican Legalnet Smart DocketsInfocom JACSLexisNexisMicrosoft WindowsThomson Reuters WestlawLegal Files softwareLevare Center CourtThomson Reuters Elite ProLawLexisNexis Lexis AdvanceLexisNexis CourtLink Strategic ProfilesPTS Solutions WinJuris Court SolutionsLexisNexis SmartLinxSyscon Court ClerkThomson Reuters WestlawNextWordPerfectMicrosoft operating systemMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft WordWeb browser softwareMicrosoft AccessNew Dawn Technologies JustWare CourtOracle JavaServer Pages JSPWord processing softwareAmerican Legalnet eDocketsOrion Law Management Systems OrionAdobe AcrobatAdobe AcrobatLexisNexisCorel WordPerfect Office SuiteCompugov DocketViewLevare Center CourtThomson Reuters Elite ProLawJustice Systems FullCourt EnterpriseJustice Systems FullCourt EnterpriseLexisNexis CourtLink Strategic ProfilesPublic Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER)New Dawn Technologies JustWare CourtMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft WordMicrosoft Access
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
Medium51.05%
Review settled claims to determine that payments and settlements are made in accordance with company practices and procedures. Confer with legal counsel on claims requiring litigation. May also settle insurance claims.
Compliance Officers
Medium53.94%
Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere.
Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers
Medium42.37%
Monitor and evaluate compliance with equal opportunity laws, guidelines, and policies to ensure that employment practices and contracting arrangements give equal opportunity without regard to race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability.
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts
Medium44.97%
Obtain evidence, take statements, produce reports, and testify to findings regarding resolution of fraud allegations. May coordinate fraud detection and prevention activities.
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists
Medium37.54%
Provide social services to assist in rehabilitation of law offenders in custody or on probation or parole. Make recommendations for actions involving formulation of rehabilitation plan and treatment of offender, including conditional release and education and employment stipulations.
Lawyers
Medium41.23%
Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers
Medium47.51%
Conduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements.
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators
Medium40.62%
Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved.
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates
Low21.10%
Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.
Paralegals and Legal Assistants
Medium45.20%
Assist lawyers by investigating facts, preparing legal documents, or researching legal precedent. Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, to formulate a defense, or to initiate legal action.
Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers
Medium60.33%
Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies.
Law Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium41.66%
Teach courses in law. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners
High79.75%
Use verbatim methods and equipment to capture, store, retrieve, and transcribe pretrial and trial proceedings or other information. Includes stenocaptioners who operate computerized stenographic captioning equipment to provide captions of live or prerecorded broadcasts for hearing-impaired viewers.
Bailiffs
Low23.14%
Maintain order in courts of law.
Detectives and Criminal Investigators
Low32.81%
Conduct investigations related to suspected violations of federal, state, or local laws to prevent or solve crimes.
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
Low27.10%
Maintain order and protect life and property by enforcing local, tribal, state, or federal laws and ordinances. Perform a combination of the following duties: patrol a specific area; direct traffic; issue traffic summonses; investigate accidents; apprehend and arrest suspects, or serve legal processes of courts. Includes police officers working at educational institutions.
Private Detectives and Investigators
Medium45.72%
Gather, analyze, compile, and report information regarding individuals or organizations to clients, or detect occurrences of unlawful acts or infractions of rules in private establishment.
Court, Municipal, and License Clerks
Medium65.96%
Perform clerical duties for courts of law, municipalities, or governmental licensing agencies and bureaus. May prepare docket of cases to be called; secure information for judges and court; prepare draft agendas or bylaws for town or city council; answer official correspondence; keep fiscal records and accounts; issue licenses or permits; and record data, administer tests, or collect fees.
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs
High66.78%
Determine eligibility of persons applying to receive assistance from government programs and agency resources, such as welfare, unemployment benefits, social security, and public housing.
Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants
High68.79%
Perform secretarial duties using legal terminology, procedures, and documents. Prepare legal papers and correspondence, such as summonses, complaints, motions, and subpoenas. May also assist with legal research.
Legislators
Medium39.17%
Develop, introduce, or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, state, or federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions.