Accountants and Auditors
Medium50.98%
Salary Range
Low (10th %)$50,440
Median$79,880
High (90th %)$137,280
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Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.
The automation risk for "Accountants and Auditors" is assessed at 51.0%, with a base risk of 51.7%. This moderately high level stems from many routine, rules-based tasks inherent in accounting, making them amenable to automation through emerging technologies like machine learning and advanced data processing. For example, tasks such as processing invoices for payment can be efficiently managed by software, reducing human intervention and error. Similarly, preparing detailed reports on audit findings and reporting to management about asset utilization and audit results are tasks that follow structured formats and are increasingly streamlined by digital tools, artificial intelligence, and accounting software. As automation evolves, the ability to audit vast amounts of financial data at scale further drives the risk upwards. Despite this, there are significant areas where human expertise remains indispensable, creating resistance to full automation in this occupation. Some of the most automation-resistant tasks include reviewing nuanced data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures—actions that often require professional judgment and context-based decision-making. Additionally, while invoice processing is automation-prone in its basic form, complex or exception cases still need human oversight. Another key resistant task is the ability to prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, where compliance with constantly changing standards and contextual interpretation remains a significant challenge for automated systems. A primary bottleneck to further automation in accounting and auditing is the skill of originality, which is only weakly present in the field (measured at 2.8% and 3.0% in relevant roles). Originality involves generating innovative solutions, adapting to novel scenarios, and exercising qualitative judgment—areas where current AI and automation tools have clear limitations. While many tasks are standardized and repeatable, accountants and auditors often face situations requiring them to apply experience, handle ambiguity, and craft tailored insights based on incomplete or evolving information. As a result, the continued importance of originality helps to maintain a ceiling on the total automation risk for this occupation, ensuring a sustained though evolving role for human professionals in finance.
Filter by Automatable Status
Process invoices for payment.
Partially Automatable
Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.
Partially Automatable
Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.
Partially Automatable
Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.
Partially Automatable
Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.
Partially Automatable
Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.
Partially Automatable
Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.
Partially Automatable
Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.
Partially Automatable
Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.
Partially Automatable
Prepare adjusting journal entries.
Partially Automatable
Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.
Partially Automatable
Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.
Partially Automatable
Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.
Partially Automatable
Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.
Partially Automatable
Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.
Partially Automatable
Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.
Partially Automatable
Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.
Partially Automatable
Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.
Partially Automatable
Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.
Partially Automatable
Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.
Partially Automatable
Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.
Automatable
Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.
Partially Automatable
Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.
Partially Automatable
Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.
Partially Automatable
Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.
Partially Automatable
Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.
Partially Automatable
Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.
Partially Automatable
Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.
Partially Automatable
Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.
Partially Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningCritical ThinkingComplex Problem SolvingOperations MonitoringQuality Control AnalysisSystems EvaluationManagement of Personnel ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceActive LearningLearning StrategiesMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingService OrientationOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperation and ControlEquipment MaintenanceTroubleshootingRepairingJudgment and Decision MakingSystems AnalysisTime ManagementManagement of Financial ResourcesManagement of Material Resources
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
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Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsGetting InformationIdentifying Objects, Actions, and EventsInspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkPerforming General Physical ActivitiesHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersRepairing and Maintaining Electronic EquipmentDocumenting/Recording InformationDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking Creatively
ADP Workforce NowApache SolrAccounting softwareAccounts receivable softwareAlteryx software1099 ProsSoftwareAbacus TaxAccounting compliance softwareAccounts payable softwareACCUCertAccurate NXGACL Audit ExchangeAcornSystems Corporate Performance ManagementAdaptaSoft CyberPayADP Super Report WriterAdvanced Micro Systems 1099-EtcAmerican Riviera MagtaxArbutus AnalyzerATX Total Accounting OfficeATX Total Engagement OfficeAudit management softwareAuditWare CaseWare ExaminerAuditWare financial reporting and auditing softwareAutomated auditors fraud detector softwareMicrosoft Dynamics GPMicrosoft FRxMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft ProjectMicrosoft PublisherMicrosoft WordDatabase softwareEkoGoogle DocsGoogle SlidesIBM Cognos ImpromptuIBM NotesMicrosoft AccessIBM Power Systems softwareIBM SPSS StatisticsLexisNexisMicrosoft ExchangeMicrosoft OneNoteMicrosoft SQL ServerMicrosoft VisioMicrosoft Visual Basic for Applications VBAMicrosoft WindowsDelphi TechnologyMedical 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Financial Managers
Medium52.15%
Plan, direct, or coordinate accounting, investing, banking, insurance, securities, and other financial activities of a branch, office, or department of an establishment.
Treasurers and Controllers
Medium49.16%
Direct financial activities, such as planning, procurement, and investments for all or part of an organization.
Management Analysts
Medium51.36%
Conduct organizational studies and evaluations, design systems and procedures, conduct work simplification and measurement studies, and prepare operations and procedures manuals to assist management in operating more efficiently and effectively. Includes program analysts and management consultants.
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists
Medium44.74%
Conduct programs of compensation and benefits and job analysis for employer. May specialize in specific areas, such as position classification and pension programs.
Budget Analysts
Medium53.05%
Examine budget estimates for completeness, accuracy, and conformance with procedures and regulations. Analyze budgeting and accounting reports.
Credit Analysts
Medium60.56%
Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decisionmaking.
Financial and Investment Analysts
Medium50.96%
Conduct quantitative analyses of information involving investment programs or financial data of public or private institutions, including valuation of businesses.
Personal Financial Advisors
Medium51.60%
Advise clients on financial plans using knowledge of tax and investment strategies, securities, insurance, pension plans, and real estate. Duties include assessing clients' assets, liabilities, cash flow, insurance coverage, tax status, and financial objectives. May also buy and sell financial assets for clients.
Financial Risk Specialists
Medium55.00%
Analyze and measure exposure to credit and market risk threatening the assets, earning capacity, or economic state of an organization. May make recommendations to limit risk.
Financial Examiners
Medium47.79%
Enforce or ensure compliance with laws and regulations governing financial and securities institutions and financial and real estate transactions. May examine, verify, or authenticate records.
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents
Medium59.98%
Determine tax liability or collect taxes from individuals or business firms according to prescribed laws and regulations.
Tax Preparers
Medium65.75%
Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses.
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel
Medium63.33%
Sell services to individuals or businesses. May describe options or resolve client problems.
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers
Medium52.67%
Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers.
Billing and Posting Clerks
High79.60%
Compile, compute, and record billing, accounting, statistical, and other numerical data for billing purposes. Prepare billing invoices for services rendered or for delivery or shipment of goods.
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks
High84.94%
Compute, classify, and record numerical data to keep financial records complete. Perform any combination of routine calculating, posting, and verifying duties to obtain primary financial data for use in maintaining accounting records. May also check the accuracy of figures, calculations, and postings pertaining to business transactions recorded by other workers.
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks
High77.74%
Compile and record employee time and payroll data. May compute employees' time worked, production, and commission. May compute and post wages and deductions, or prepare paychecks.
Brokerage Clerks
High79.00%
Perform duties related to the purchase, sale, or holding of securities. Duties include writing orders for stock purchases or sales, computing transfer taxes, verifying stock transactions, accepting and delivering securities, tracking stock price fluctuations, computing equity, distributing dividends, and keeping records of daily transactions and holdings.
Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks
High74.20%
Authorize credit charges against customers' accounts. Investigate history and credit standing of individuals or business establishments applying for credit. May interview applicants to obtain personal and financial data, determine credit worthiness, process applications, and notify customers of acceptance or rejection of credit.
Statistical Assistants
High75.61%
Compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in statistical studies. May perform actuarial computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Includes actuarial clerks.
Investment Fund Managers
Medium51.60%
Plan, direct, or coordinate investment strategy or operations for a large pool of liquid assets supplied by institutional investors or individual investors.
Compensation and Benefits Managers
Medium49.22%
Plan, direct, or coordinate compensation and benefits activities of an organization.
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
Medium51.05%
Review settled claims to determine that payments and settlements are made in accordance with company practices and procedures. Confer with legal counsel on claims requiring litigation. May also settle insurance claims.
Appraisers of Personal and Business Property
Medium58.93%
Appraise and estimate the fair value of tangible personal or business property, such as jewelry, art, antiques, collectibles, and equipment. May also appraise land.
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate
Medium57.53%
Appraise real estate, exclusively, and estimate its fair value. May assess taxes in accordance with prescribed schedules.
Insurance Underwriters
Medium56.34%
Review individual applications for insurance to evaluate degree of risk involved and determine acceptance of applications.
Credit Counselors
Medium58.89%
Advise and educate individuals or organizations on acquiring and managing debt. May provide guidance in determining the best type of loan and explain loan requirements or restrictions. May help develop debt management plans or student financial aid packages. May advise on credit issues, or provide budget, mortgage, bankruptcy, or student financial aid counseling.
Loan Officers
Medium61.78%
Evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of commercial, real estate, or credit loans. Advise borrowers on financial status and payment methods. Includes mortgage loan officers and agents, collection analysts, loan servicing officers, loan underwriters, and payday loan officers.
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts
Medium44.97%
Obtain evidence, take statements, produce reports, and testify to findings regarding resolution of fraud allegations. May coordinate fraud detection and prevention activities.
Actuaries
Medium47.56%
Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benefits. May ascertain insurance rates required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.
Bill and Account Collectors
Medium65.81%
Locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone, or personal visit to solicit payment. Duties include receiving payment and posting amount to customer's account, preparing statements to credit department if customer fails to respond, initiating repossession proceedings or service disconnection, and keeping records of collection and status of accounts.
Tellers
High75.92%
Receive and pay out money. Keep records of money and negotiable instruments involved in a financial institution's various transactions.