Pediatric Surgeons
Low27.78%
Salary Range
Low (10th %)$172,810
Median$--
High (90th %)$--
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Diagnose and perform surgery to treat fetal abnormalities and birth defects, diseases, and injuries in fetuses, premature and newborn infants, children, and adolescents. Includes all pediatric surgical specialties and subspecialties.
The occupation "Pediatric Surgeons" carries an automation risk of 27.8%, indicating a relatively low likelihood of being fully automated. This base risk reflects the complex nature of pediatric surgery, which requires significant expertise, judgment, and hands-on skills. While technological advancements such as robotic-assisted surgery and artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic tools are poised to assist with certain aspects of the job, the nuanced decision-making and tailored care needed for young patients keep the risk comparatively low. Pediatric surgeons play a crucial role in both conducting surgeries and managing the overall health and recovery of children, which involves many patient-specific considerations that are not easily replicated by automated systems. Furthermore, the emotional intelligence and communication necessary for interacting with pediatric patients and their families present additional barriers to automation. Looking at the most automatable tasks within this occupation, several elements stand out. Analyzing medical histories, medication allergies, and examination results to verify the necessity of an operation is increasingly being supported by advanced data analytics and AI-driven diagnostic aids, making this task more susceptible to automation. Conducting research to develop and test new surgical techniques also holds potential for automation, as algorithms can sift through large datasets, run simulations, and generate testable hypotheses more rapidly than humans. Consulting with other medical specialists to determine the need for surgical intervention is partly automatable, particularly through the use of telemedicine platforms and decision-support tools that synthesize data from various experts. These are primarily information-processing and analysis-oriented functions, which align well with current technological advancements in machine learning and data management. However, certain core responsibilities remain highly resistant to automation. Referral of patients to the appropriate specialists or practitioners depends on case-by-case clinical judgment and a deep understanding of individual patient needs. Providing direct consultation and surgical assistance to other physicians and surgeons also requires improvisation, real-time decision-making, and manual dexterity—all challenging for machines to replicate. Lastly, preparing case histories involves synthesizing complex data, contextualizing clinical events, and narratively conveying information for medical records, which demands both precision and human perspective. The key bottleneck skills in this field include critical thinking, advanced surgical technique, dexterity, empathetic communication, and collaborative problem-solving, all at expert or near-expert levels. These competencies serve as significant barriers to replacing pediatric surgeons with automated systems, helping to keep the automation risk below 30%.
Filter by Automatable Status
Analyze patient's medical history, medication allergies, physical condition, and examination results to verify operation's necessity and to determine best procedure.
Partially Automatable
Conduct research to develop and test surgical techniques that can improve operating procedures and outcomes.
Non-Automatable
Consult with patient's other medical care specialists, such as cardiologist and endocrinologist, to determine if surgery is necessary.
Non-Automatable
Describe preoperative and postoperative treatments and procedures, such as sedatives, diets, antibiotics, or preparation and treatment of the patient's operative area, to parents or guardians of the patient.
Partially Automatable
Direct and coordinate activities of nurses, assistants, specialists, residents, and other medical staff.
Partially Automatable
Examine fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents, and diagnose health issues to determine need for intervention, such as surgery.
Partially Automatable
Examine instruments, equipment, and operating room to ensure sterility.
Partially Automatable
Examine patient to obtain information on medical condition and surgical risk.
Non-Automatable
Follow established surgical techniques during the operation.
Non-Automatable
Interpret results of preoperative tests and physical examinations.
Partially Automatable
Manage surgery services, including planning, scheduling and coordination, determination of procedures, or procurement of supplies and equipment.
Partially Automatable
Monitor patient's recovery, making follow-up visits and using postoperative assessment techniques, such as blood and imaging tests.
Partially Automatable
Operate on fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents to correct deformities, repair injuries, prevent and treat diseases, or improve or restore patients' functions.
Non-Automatable
Perform transplantation operations, such as organ transplants, on fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents.
Non-Automatable
Prepare case histories.
Partially Automatable
Provide consultation and surgical assistance to other physicians and surgeons.
Non-Automatable
Refer patient to medical specialist or other practitioners when necessary.
Partially Automatable
Inform parents and guardians of child's health problems and surgical procedures through various channels, such as in-person and telecommunication systems.
Non-Automatable
Microsoft WindowsMedical laser control softwareMEDITECH softwareImage-guided surgery softwareRobotic surgery softwareEpic SystemsEpic SystemsElectronic medical record EMR softwareElectronic medical record EMR softwarePractice management software PMSPractice management software PMSComputer imaging softwareThree-dimensional 3D virtual surgery softwareHuman resources management system HRMSHuman resources management system HRMSMEDITECH softwareComputer imaging softwareImage-guided surgery softwareIntegra Radionics NeuroSight ArcIntegra Radionics NeuroSight ArcMedical laser control softwareRobotic surgery softwareThree-dimensional 3D virtual surgery softwareMicrosoft Windows
Chiropractors
Medium44.77%
Assess, treat, and care for patients by manipulation of spine and musculoskeletal system. May provide spinal adjustment or address sacral or pelvic misalignment.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Low10.53%
Perform surgery and related procedures on the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial regions to treat diseases, injuries, or defects. May diagnose problems of the oral and maxillofacial regions. May perform surgery to improve function or appearance.
Physician Assistants
Medium41.05%
Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants.
Anesthesiologist Assistants
Low29.30%
Assist anesthesiologists in the administration of anesthesia for surgical and non-surgical procedures. Monitor patient status and provide patient care during surgical treatment.
Anesthesiologists
Medium38.32%
Administer anesthetics and analgesics for pain management prior to, during, or after surgery.
Cardiologists
Medium38.46%
Diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system. May further subspecialize in interventional procedures (e.g., balloon angioplasty and stent placement), echocardiography, or electrophysiology.
Dermatologists
Medium36.89%
Diagnose and treat diseases relating to the skin, hair, and nails. May perform both medical and dermatological surgery functions.
Emergency Medicine Physicians
Medium39.71%
Make immediate medical decisions and act to prevent death or further disability. Provide immediate recognition, evaluation, care, stabilization, and disposition of patients. May direct emergency medical staff in an emergency department.
Family Medicine Physicians
Medium43.08%
Diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment.
General Internal Medicine Physicians
Medium37.53%
Diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults and adolescents, and are based primarily in an outpatient care setting.
Neurologists
Medium34.77%
Diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, with a primarily nonsurgical focus.
Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Medium36.09%
Provide medical care related to pregnancy or childbirth. Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of women, particularly those affecting the reproductive system. May also provide general care to women. May perform both medical and gynecological surgery functions.
Pediatricians, General
Medium39.09%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and injuries in children. May refer patients to specialists for further diagnosis or treatment, as needed.
Radiologists
Medium41.85%
Diagnose and treat diseases and injuries using medical imaging techniques, such as x rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasounds. May perform minimally invasive medical procedures and tests.
Allergists and Immunologists
Medium38.37%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent allergic diseases and disease processes affecting the immune system.
Urologists
Low29.87%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent benign and malignant medical and surgical disorders of the genitourinary system and the renal glands.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians
Medium37.64%
Diagnose and treat disorders requiring physiotherapy to provide physical, mental, and occupational rehabilitation.
Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric
Medium38.21%
Diagnose and perform surgery to treat and help prevent disorders and diseases of the eye. May also provide vision services for treatment including glasses and contacts.
Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric
Low31.67%
Diagnose and perform surgery to treat and prevent rheumatic and other diseases in the musculoskeletal system.
Medical Assistants
Medium39.45%
Perform administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of a physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes. Clinical duties may include taking and recording vital signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician.
Dentists, General
Low23.33%
Examine, diagnose, and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting oral hygiene and retention of teeth. May fit dental appliances or provide preventive care.
Orthodontists
Medium35.80%
Examine, diagnose, and treat dental malocclusions and oral cavity anomalies. Design and fabricate appliances to realign teeth and jaws to produce and maintain normal function and to improve appearance.
Prosthodontists
Low20.51%
Diagnose, treat, rehabilitate, design, and fit prostheses that maintain oral function, health, and appearance for patients with clinical conditions associated with teeth, oral and maxillofacial tissues, or the jaw.
Optometrists
Medium39.41%
Diagnose, manage, and treat conditions and diseases of the human eye and visual system. Examine eyes and visual system, diagnose problems or impairments, prescribe corrective lenses, and provide treatment. May prescribe therapeutic drugs to treat specific eye conditions.
Podiatrists
Low26.84%
Diagnose and treat diseases and deformities of the human foot.
Physical Therapists
Medium36.93%
Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and improve or correct disabling conditions resulting from disease or injury.
Radiation Therapists
Medium42.66%
Provide radiation therapy to patients as prescribed by a radiation oncologist according to established practices and standards. Duties may include reviewing prescription and diagnosis; acting as liaison with physician and supportive care personnel; preparing equipment, such as immobilization, treatment, and protection devices; and maintaining records, reports, and files. May assist in dosimetry procedures and tumor localization.
Respiratory Therapists
Low32.47%
Assess, treat, and care for patients with breathing disorders. Assume primary responsibility for all respiratory care modalities, including the supervision of respiratory therapy technicians. Initiate and conduct therapeutic procedures; maintain patient records; and select, assemble, check, and operate equipment.
Exercise Physiologists
Medium48.16%
Assess, plan, or implement fitness programs that include exercise or physical activities such as those designed to improve cardiorespiratory function, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, or flexibility.
Veterinarians
Low30.46%
Diagnose, treat, or research diseases and injuries of animals. Includes veterinarians who conduct research and development, inspect livestock, or care for pets and companion animals.
Registered Nurses
Medium37.38%
Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required.
Acute Care Nurses
Medium35.99%
Provide advanced nursing care for patients with acute conditions such as heart attacks, respiratory distress syndrome, or shock. May care for pre- and post-operative patients or perform advanced, invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Critical Care Nurses
Medium38.18%
Provide specialized nursing care for patients in critical or coronary care units.
Clinical Nurse Specialists
Medium40.96%
Direct nursing staff in the provision of patient care in a clinical practice setting, such as a hospital, hospice, clinic, or home. Ensure adherence to established clinical policies, protocols, regulations, and standards.
Nurse Anesthetists
Low30.75%
Administer anesthesia, monitor patient's vital signs, and oversee patient recovery from anesthesia. May assist anesthesiologists, surgeons, other physicians, or dentists. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
Nurse Practitioners
Medium43.76%
Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
Audiologists
Medium42.52%
Assess and treat persons with hearing and related disorders. May fit hearing aids and provide auditory training. May perform research related to hearing problems.
Physicians, Pathologists
Medium41.42%
Diagnose diseases and conduct lab tests using organs, body tissues, and fluids. Includes medical examiners.
Psychiatrists
Medium38.90%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent mental disorders.
Hospitalists
Medium42.13%
Provide inpatient care predominantly in settings such as medical wards, acute care units, intensive care units, rehabilitation centers, or emergency rooms. Manage and coordinate patient care throughout treatment.
Preventive Medicine Physicians
Medium44.14%
Apply knowledge of general preventive medicine and public health issues to promote health care to groups or individuals, and aid in the prevention or reduction of risk of disease, injury, disability, or death. May practice population-based medicine or diagnose and treat patients in the context of clinical health promotion and disease prevention.
Sports Medicine Physicians
Medium44.58%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent injuries that occur during sporting events, athletic training, and physical activities.
Acupuncturists
Medium35.57%
Diagnose, treat, and prevent disorders by stimulating specific acupuncture points within the body using acupuncture needles. May also use cups, nutritional supplements, therapeutic massage, acupressure, and other alternative health therapies.
Naturopathic Physicians
Medium34.38%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases using a system of practice that is based on the natural healing capacity of individuals. May use physiological, psychological or mechanical methods. May also use natural medicines, prescription or legend drugs, foods, herbs, or other natural remedies.
Orthoptists
Medium44.62%
Diagnose and treat visual system disorders such as binocular vision and eye movement impairments.
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians
Medium45.83%
Conduct tests on pulmonary or cardiovascular systems of patients for diagnostic, therapeutic, or research purposes. May conduct or assist in electrocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, pulmonary functions, lung capacity, and similar tests.
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
Medium39.41%
Produce ultrasonic recordings of internal organs for use by physicians. Includes vascular technologists.
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians
Medium43.68%
Take x-rays and CAT scans or administer nonradioactive materials into patient's bloodstream for diagnostic or research purposes. Includes radiologic technologists and technicians who specialize in other scanning modalities.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists
Medium39.05%
Operate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. Monitor patient safety and comfort, and view images of area being scanned to ensure quality of pictures. May administer gadolinium contrast dosage intravenously. May interview patient, explain MRI procedures, and position patient on examining table. May enter into the computer data such as patient history, anatomical area to be scanned, orientation specified, and position of entry.
Surgical Technologists
Low32.40%
Assist in operations, under the supervision of surgeons, registered nurses, or other surgical personnel. May help set up operating room, prepare and transport patients for surgery, adjust lights and equipment, pass instruments and other supplies to surgeons and surgeons' assistants, hold retractors, cut sutures, and help count sponges, needles, supplies, and instruments.
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians
Low30.19%
Perform medical tests in a laboratory environment for use in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases in animals. Prepare vaccines and serums for prevention of diseases. Prepare tissue samples, take blood samples, and execute laboratory tests, such as urinalysis and blood counts. Clean and sterilize instruments and materials and maintain equipment and machines. May assist a veterinarian during surgery.
Ophthalmic Medical Technicians
Medium34.66%
Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses.
Orthotists and Prosthetists
Medium36.05%
Design, measure, fit, and adapt orthopedic braces, appliances or prostheses, such as limbs or facial parts for patients with disabling conditions.
Hearing Aid Specialists
Medium35.90%
Select and fit hearing aids for customers. Administer and interpret tests of hearing. Assess hearing instrument efficacy. Take ear impressions and prepare, design, and modify ear molds.
Ophthalmic Medical Technologists
Medium43.00%
Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions and ophthalmic photography. Provide instruction and supervision to other ophthalmic personnel. Assist with minor surgical procedures, applying aseptic techniques and preparing instruments. May perform eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct patients in care and use of corrective lenses.
Genetic Counselors
Medium46.63%
Assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. Provide information to other healthcare providers or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions. Advise individuals and families to support informed decisionmaking and coping methods for those at risk. May help conduct research related to genetic conditions or genetic counseling.
Surgical Assistants
Low14.08%
Assist in operations, under the supervision of surgeons. May, in accordance with state laws, help surgeons to make incisions and close surgical sites, manipulate or remove tissues, implant surgical devices or drains, suction the surgical site, place catheters, clamp or cauterize vessels or tissue, and apply dressings to surgical site.
Massage Therapists
Low22.89%
Perform therapeutic massages of soft tissues and joints. May assist in the assessment of range of motion and muscle strength, or propose client therapy plans.
Dental Assistants
Medium35.48%
Perform limited clinical duties under the direction of a dentist. Clinical duties may include equipment preparation and sterilization, preparing patients for treatment, assisting the dentist during treatment, and providing patients with instructions for oral healthcare procedures. May perform administrative duties such as scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes.
Medical Transcriptionists
High67.76%
Transcribe medical reports recorded by physicians and other healthcare practitioners using various electronic devices, covering office visits, emergency room visits, diagnostic imaging studies, operations, chart reviews, and final summaries. Transcribe dictated reports and translate abbreviations into fully understandable form. Edit as necessary and return reports in either printed or electronic form for review and signature, or correction.
Speech-Language Pathology Assistants
Medium51.47%
Assist speech-language pathologists in the assessment and treatment of speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. Implement speech and language programs or activities as planned and directed by speech-language pathologists. Monitor the use of alternative communication devices and systems.
Endoscopy Technicians
Low20.63%
Maintain a sterile field to provide support for physicians and nurses during endoscopy procedures. Prepare and maintain instruments and equipment. May obtain specimens.
Shampooers
Low24.77%
Shampoo and rinse customers' hair.
Skincare Specialists
Low30.11%
Provide skincare treatments to face and body to enhance an individual's appearance. Includes electrologists and laser hair removal specialists.
Medical Appliance Technicians
Low24.63%
Construct, maintain, or repair medical supportive devices such as braces, orthotics and prosthetic devices, joints, arch supports, and other surgical and medical appliances.