Cardiologists
Medium38.46%
Salary Range
Low (10th %)$102,530
Median$--
High (90th %)$--
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Diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system. May further subspecialize in interventional procedures (e.g., balloon angioplasty and stent placement), echocardiography, or electrophysiology.
The occupation "Cardiologists" has an estimated automation risk of 38.5%. This base risk suggests that while some aspects of the role could be replaced or assisted by automated systems in the foreseeable future, a significant portion of the work still requires human judgment and expertise. Recent advancements in medical technology, artificial intelligence, and automation have made it possible for certain clinical and advisory tasks performed by cardiologists to be undertaken by machines or automated systems. However, the scope of automation remains limited by tasks that require complex human interaction, empathy, and decision-making. As a result, cardiology is considered to have a moderate exposure to automation, with a substantial fraction of tasks resistant to machine substitution. Among the most automatable tasks for cardiologists are those that involve standardized protocols and easily codifiable knowledge. First, "Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack" can be partially automated through the use of advanced defibrillators and emergency response algorithms. Next, "Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention" can be handled by AI-powered recommendation systems that offer personalized lifestyle guidance based on patient data. Finally, "Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being" is increasingly feasible for automation via medical chatbots and virtual assistants, which can efficiently provide evidence-based answers for routine queries in cardiology. On the other hand, the tasks most resistant to automation in cardiology involve intricate human communication, clinical judgment, and leadership. "Talk to other physicians about patients to create a treatment plan" requires collaboration, nuanced understanding of patient history, and synthesizing complex information—skills not easily replicated by AI. "Supervise or train cardiology technologists or students" demands mentorship, real-time assessment, and the ability to adapt teaching strategies, all reliant on interpersonal skills and professional experience. Lastly, "Recommend surgeons or surgical procedures" involves holistic patient evaluation, ethical consideration, and integrating patient preferences, areas where automation faces significant limitations. Bottleneck skills holding back full automation include critical thinking (Expert), complex problem solving (Expert), judgment and decision making (Advanced), and social perceptiveness (Advanced), all of which are essential for effective cardiology practice and currently beyond the capabilities of automated systems.
Filter by Automatable Status
Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack.
Non-Automatable
Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention.
Partially Automatable
Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being.
Partially Automatable
Calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements.
Automatable
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.
Partially Automatable
Conduct exercise electrocardiogram tests to monitor cardiovascular activity under stress.
Partially Automatable
Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury.
Partially Automatable
Conduct tests of the pulmonary system, using a spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment.
Non-Automatable
Design and explain treatment plans, based on patient information such as medical history, reports, and examination results.
Partially Automatable
Diagnose cardiovascular conditions, using cardiac catheterization.
Non-Automatable
Diagnose medical conditions of patients, using records, reports, test results, or examination information.
Partially Automatable
Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients.
Partially Automatable
Inject contrast media into patients' blood vessels.
Non-Automatable
Monitor patients' conditions and progress, and reevaluate treatments, as necessary.
Partially Automatable
Obtain and record patient information, including patient identification, medical history, and examination results.
Partially Automatable
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast-enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system.
Partially Automatable
Order medical tests, such as echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and angiograms.
Partially Automatable
Perform minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as implanting pacemakers and defibrillators.
Non-Automatable
Perform vascular procedures, such as balloon angioplasty and stents.
Non-Automatable
Prescribe heart medication to treat or prevent heart problems.
Partially Automatable
Recommend surgeons or surgical procedures.
Partially Automatable
Supervise or train cardiology technologists or students.
Non-Automatable
Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standards to identify abnormalities, using the results of an echocardiogram.
Automatable
Monitor patient progress following cardiac surgery.
Partially Automatable
Observe ultrasound display screen, and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, and cerebral circulation.
Partially Automatable
Talk to other physicians about patients to create a treatment plan.
Partially Automatable
Physician Assistants
Medium41.05%
Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants.
Anesthesiologist Assistants
Low29.30%
Assist anesthesiologists in the administration of anesthesia for surgical and non-surgical procedures. Monitor patient status and provide patient care during surgical treatment.
Nurse Practitioners
Medium43.76%
Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
Anesthesiologists
Medium38.32%
Administer anesthetics and analgesics for pain management prior to, during, or after surgery.
Dermatologists
Medium36.89%
Diagnose and treat diseases relating to the skin, hair, and nails. May perform both medical and dermatological surgery functions.
Emergency Medicine Physicians
Medium39.71%
Make immediate medical decisions and act to prevent death or further disability. Provide immediate recognition, evaluation, care, stabilization, and disposition of patients. May direct emergency medical staff in an emergency department.
Family Medicine Physicians
Medium43.08%
Diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment.
General Internal Medicine Physicians
Medium37.53%
Diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults and adolescents, and are based primarily in an outpatient care setting.
Neurologists
Medium34.77%
Diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, with a primarily nonsurgical focus.
Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Medium36.09%
Provide medical care related to pregnancy or childbirth. Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of women, particularly those affecting the reproductive system. May also provide general care to women. May perform both medical and gynecological surgery functions.
Pediatricians, General
Medium39.09%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and injuries in children. May refer patients to specialists for further diagnosis or treatment, as needed.
Radiologists
Medium41.85%
Diagnose and treat diseases and injuries using medical imaging techniques, such as x rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasounds. May perform minimally invasive medical procedures and tests.
Allergists and Immunologists
Medium38.37%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent allergic diseases and disease processes affecting the immune system.
Urologists
Low29.87%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent benign and malignant medical and surgical disorders of the genitourinary system and the renal glands.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians
Medium37.64%
Diagnose and treat disorders requiring physiotherapy to provide physical, mental, and occupational rehabilitation.
Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric
Medium38.21%
Diagnose and perform surgery to treat and help prevent disorders and diseases of the eye. May also provide vision services for treatment including glasses and contacts.
Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric
Low31.67%
Diagnose and perform surgery to treat and prevent rheumatic and other diseases in the musculoskeletal system.
Pediatric Surgeons
Low27.78%
Diagnose and perform surgery to treat fetal abnormalities and birth defects, diseases, and injuries in fetuses, premature and newborn infants, children, and adolescents. Includes all pediatric surgical specialties and subspecialties.
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians
Medium45.83%
Conduct tests on pulmonary or cardiovascular systems of patients for diagnostic, therapeutic, or research purposes. May conduct or assist in electrocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, pulmonary functions, lung capacity, and similar tests.
Medical Assistants
Medium39.45%
Perform administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of a physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes. Clinical duties may include taking and recording vital signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician.
Epidemiologists
Medium47.47%
Investigate and describe the determinants and distribution of disease, disability, or health outcomes. May develop the means for prevention and control.
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
Medium45.59%
Conduct research dealing with the understanding of human diseases and the improvement of human health. Engage in clinical investigation, research and development, or other related activities.
Chiropractors
Medium44.77%
Assess, treat, and care for patients by manipulation of spine and musculoskeletal system. May provide spinal adjustment or address sacral or pelvic misalignment.
Dentists, General
Low23.33%
Examine, diagnose, and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting oral hygiene and retention of teeth. May fit dental appliances or provide preventive care.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Low10.53%
Perform surgery and related procedures on the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial regions to treat diseases, injuries, or defects. May diagnose problems of the oral and maxillofacial regions. May perform surgery to improve function or appearance.
Orthodontists
Medium35.80%
Examine, diagnose, and treat dental malocclusions and oral cavity anomalies. Design and fabricate appliances to realign teeth and jaws to produce and maintain normal function and to improve appearance.
Prosthodontists
Low20.51%
Diagnose, treat, rehabilitate, design, and fit prostheses that maintain oral function, health, and appearance for patients with clinical conditions associated with teeth, oral and maxillofacial tissues, or the jaw.
Pharmacists
Medium49.30%
Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. May advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosage, interactions, and side effects of medications.
Podiatrists
Low26.84%
Diagnose and treat diseases and deformities of the human foot.
Radiation Therapists
Medium42.66%
Provide radiation therapy to patients as prescribed by a radiation oncologist according to established practices and standards. Duties may include reviewing prescription and diagnosis; acting as liaison with physician and supportive care personnel; preparing equipment, such as immobilization, treatment, and protection devices; and maintaining records, reports, and files. May assist in dosimetry procedures and tumor localization.
Respiratory Therapists
Low32.47%
Assess, treat, and care for patients with breathing disorders. Assume primary responsibility for all respiratory care modalities, including the supervision of respiratory therapy technicians. Initiate and conduct therapeutic procedures; maintain patient records; and select, assemble, check, and operate equipment.
Exercise Physiologists
Medium48.16%
Assess, plan, or implement fitness programs that include exercise or physical activities such as those designed to improve cardiorespiratory function, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, or flexibility.
Registered Nurses
Medium37.38%
Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required.
Acute Care Nurses
Medium35.99%
Provide advanced nursing care for patients with acute conditions such as heart attacks, respiratory distress syndrome, or shock. May care for pre- and post-operative patients or perform advanced, invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Critical Care Nurses
Medium38.18%
Provide specialized nursing care for patients in critical or coronary care units.
Clinical Nurse Specialists
Medium40.96%
Direct nursing staff in the provision of patient care in a clinical practice setting, such as a hospital, hospice, clinic, or home. Ensure adherence to established clinical policies, protocols, regulations, and standards.
Nurse Anesthetists
Low30.75%
Administer anesthesia, monitor patient's vital signs, and oversee patient recovery from anesthesia. May assist anesthesiologists, surgeons, other physicians, or dentists. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
Audiologists
Medium42.52%
Assess and treat persons with hearing and related disorders. May fit hearing aids and provide auditory training. May perform research related to hearing problems.
Physicians, Pathologists
Medium41.42%
Diagnose diseases and conduct lab tests using organs, body tissues, and fluids. Includes medical examiners.
Psychiatrists
Medium38.90%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent mental disorders.
Hospitalists
Medium42.13%
Provide inpatient care predominantly in settings such as medical wards, acute care units, intensive care units, rehabilitation centers, or emergency rooms. Manage and coordinate patient care throughout treatment.
Preventive Medicine Physicians
Medium44.14%
Apply knowledge of general preventive medicine and public health issues to promote health care to groups or individuals, and aid in the prevention or reduction of risk of disease, injury, disability, or death. May practice population-based medicine or diagnose and treat patients in the context of clinical health promotion and disease prevention.
Sports Medicine Physicians
Medium44.58%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent injuries that occur during sporting events, athletic training, and physical activities.
Acupuncturists
Medium35.57%
Diagnose, treat, and prevent disorders by stimulating specific acupuncture points within the body using acupuncture needles. May also use cups, nutritional supplements, therapeutic massage, acupressure, and other alternative health therapies.
Naturopathic Physicians
Medium34.38%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases using a system of practice that is based on the natural healing capacity of individuals. May use physiological, psychological or mechanical methods. May also use natural medicines, prescription or legend drugs, foods, herbs, or other natural remedies.
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists
Medium47.65%
Perform complex medical laboratory tests for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May train or supervise staff.
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians
Medium43.59%
Perform routine medical laboratory tests for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May work under the supervision of a medical technologist.
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
Medium39.41%
Produce ultrasonic recordings of internal organs for use by physicians. Includes vascular technologists.
Nuclear Medicine Technologists
Medium47.86%
Prepare, administer, and measure radioactive isotopes in therapeutic, diagnostic, and tracer studies using a variety of radioisotope equipment. Prepare stock solutions of radioactive materials and calculate doses to be administered by radiologists. Subject patients to radiation. Execute blood volume, red cell survival, and fat absorption studies following standard laboratory techniques.
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians
Medium43.68%
Take x-rays and CAT scans or administer nonradioactive materials into patient's bloodstream for diagnostic or research purposes. Includes radiologic technologists and technicians who specialize in other scanning modalities.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists
Medium39.05%
Operate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. Monitor patient safety and comfort, and view images of area being scanned to ensure quality of pictures. May administer gadolinium contrast dosage intravenously. May interview patient, explain MRI procedures, and position patient on examining table. May enter into the computer data such as patient history, anatomical area to be scanned, orientation specified, and position of entry.
Dietetic Technicians
Medium45.45%
Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals.
Ophthalmic Medical Technicians
Medium34.66%
Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses.
Orthotists and Prosthetists
Medium36.05%
Design, measure, fit, and adapt orthopedic braces, appliances or prostheses, such as limbs or facial parts for patients with disabling conditions.
Neurodiagnostic Technologists
Medium46.30%
Conduct electroneurodiagnostic (END) tests such as electroencephalograms, evoked potentials, polysomnograms, or electronystagmograms. May perform nerve conduction studies.
Ophthalmic Medical Technologists
Medium43.00%
Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions and ophthalmic photography. Provide instruction and supervision to other ophthalmic personnel. Assist with minor surgical procedures, applying aseptic techniques and preparing instruments. May perform eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct patients in care and use of corrective lenses.
Genetic Counselors
Medium46.63%
Assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. Provide information to other healthcare providers or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions. Advise individuals and families to support informed decisionmaking and coping methods for those at risk. May help conduct research related to genetic conditions or genetic counseling.
Surgical Assistants
Low14.08%
Assist in operations, under the supervision of surgeons. May, in accordance with state laws, help surgeons to make incisions and close surgical sites, manipulate or remove tissues, implant surgical devices or drains, suction the surgical site, place catheters, clamp or cauterize vessels or tissue, and apply dressings to surgical site.
Midwives
Medium41.74%
Provide prenatal care and childbirth assistance.
Dental Assistants
Medium35.48%
Perform limited clinical duties under the direction of a dentist. Clinical duties may include equipment preparation and sterilization, preparing patients for treatment, assisting the dentist during treatment, and providing patients with instructions for oral healthcare procedures. May perform administrative duties such as scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes.
Medical Transcriptionists
High67.76%
Transcribe medical reports recorded by physicians and other healthcare practitioners using various electronic devices, covering office visits, emergency room visits, diagnostic imaging studies, operations, chart reviews, and final summaries. Transcribe dictated reports and translate abbreviations into fully understandable form. Edit as necessary and return reports in either printed or electronic form for review and signature, or correction.
Speech-Language Pathology Assistants
Medium51.47%
Assist speech-language pathologists in the assessment and treatment of speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. Implement speech and language programs or activities as planned and directed by speech-language pathologists. Monitor the use of alternative communication devices and systems.
Endoscopy Technicians
Low20.63%
Maintain a sterile field to provide support for physicians and nurses during endoscopy procedures. Prepare and maintain instruments and equipment. May obtain specimens.