Salary Range
Low (10th %)$89,980
Median$136,030
High (90th %)$168,650
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Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. May advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosage, interactions, and side effects of medications.
The occupation "Pharmacists" has an automation risk of 49.3%, which is slightly below the base risk of 50.0%. This moderate risk level reflects the fact that several core tasks performed by pharmacists are increasingly susceptible to automation through advancements in technology such as pharmacy dispensing robots and AI-driven prescription systems. The most automatable tasks within the profession include reviewing prescriptions for accuracy and evaluating the suitability of ingredients, assessing the identity, strength, or purity of medications, and providing information about drug interactions, side effects, proper dosage, and medication storage. These duties are largely rule-based and can be efficiently managed by automated systems that minimize human error and increase workflow efficiency. Despite this, there are critical aspects of a pharmacist’s role that remain resistant to automation. Tasks such as publishing educational information for other pharmacists, doctors, or patients require a high degree of subject-matter expertise, adaptability, and ongoing professional judgment that cannot be easily replicated by machines. Furthermore, offering health promotion or prevention activities, such as training individuals to use medical devices, and preparing sterile solutions or infusions for surgical procedures or other specialized needs, require manual dexterity, empathy, and the ability to respond to unique patient scenarios. These responsibilities demand a level of interpersonal communication, creativity, and adaptability that current AI and automated systems cannot match. A significant bottleneck to full automation in this field is the requirement for originality, reflected in the occupation’s modest skill levels: Originality (2.6%) and Originality (3.0%). Pharmacists must apply creative problem-solving when handling unusual or complex medication regimens, tailoring advice to individual patient circumstances, and staying abreast of emerging therapies. While technology can assist in standard, repetitive processes, it lacks the nuanced decision-making and innovative thinking essential for non-routine clinical judgment and effective patient education. Consequently, although pharmacists face a considerable automation risk, their role is buffered by the necessity for human ingenuity and professional values that machines are not equipped to replicate in the foreseeable future.
Filter by Automatable Status
Assess the identity, strength, or purity of medications.
Partially Automatable
Provide information and advice regarding drug interactions, side effects, dosage, and proper medication storage.
Partially Automatable
Analyze prescribing trends to monitor patient compliance and to prevent excessive usage or harmful interactions.
Partially Automatable
Collaborate with other health care professionals to plan, monitor, review, or evaluate the quality or effectiveness of drugs or drug regimens, providing advice on drug applications or characteristics.
Partially Automatable
Order and purchase pharmaceutical supplies, medical supplies, or drugs, maintaining stock and storing and handling it properly.
Partially Automatable
Compound and dispense medications as prescribed by doctors and dentists, by calculating, weighing, measuring, and mixing ingredients, or oversee these activities.
Partially Automatable
Contact insurance companies to resolve billing issues.
Partially Automatable
Advise customers on the selection of medication brands, medical equipment, or healthcare supplies.
Partially Automatable
Teach pharmacy students serving as interns in preparation for their graduation or licensure.
Partially Automatable
Refer patients to other health professionals or agencies when appropriate.
Partially Automatable
Update or troubleshoot pharmacy information databases.
Partially Automatable
Manage pharmacy operations, hiring or supervising staff, performing administrative duties, or buying or selling non-pharmaceutical merchandise.
Partially Automatable
Prepare sterile solutions or infusions for use in surgical procedures, emergency rooms, or patients' homes.
Partially Automatable
Offer health promotion or prevention activities, such as training people to use blood pressure devices or diabetes monitors.
Partially Automatable
Publish educational information for other pharmacists, doctors, or patients.
Partially Automatable
Review prescriptions to assure accuracy, to ascertain the needed ingredients, and to evaluate their suitability.
Partially Automatable
Plan, implement, or maintain procedures for mixing, packaging, or labeling pharmaceuticals, according to policy and legal requirements, to ensure quality, security, and proper disposal.
Partially Automatable
Provide specialized services to help patients manage conditions, such as diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, or high blood pressure.
Partially Automatable
Work in hospitals or clinics or for Health Management Organizations (HMOs), dispensing prescriptions, serving as a medical team consultant, or specializing in specific drug therapy areas, such as oncology or nuclear pharmacotherapy.
Partially Automatable
Maintain records, such as pharmacy files, patient profiles, charge system files, inventories, control records for radioactive nuclei, or registries of poisons, narcotics, or controlled drugs.
Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningCritical ThinkingOperations MonitoringQuality Control AnalysisSystems AnalysisManagement of Material ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceActive LearningLearning StrategiesMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingService OrientationComplex Problem SolvingOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperation and ControlEquipment MaintenanceTroubleshootingRepairingJudgment and Decision MakingSystems EvaluationTime ManagementManagement of Financial ResourcesManagement of Personnel Resources
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
Administration and ManagementAdministrativeEconomics and AccountingSales and MarketingCustomer and Personal ServicePersonnel and Human ResourcesProduction and ProcessingFood ProductionComputers and ElectronicsForeign LanguageEngineering and TechnologyDesignBuilding and ConstructionMechanicalMathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologyPsychologySociology and AnthropologyGeographyMedicine and DentistryEnglish LanguageEducation and TrainingPhilosophy and TheologyPublic Safety and SecurityLaw and GovernmentTelecommunicationsCommunications and MediaTransportationFine ArtsTherapy and CounselingHistory and Archeology
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsGetting InformationEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationIdentifying Objects, Actions, and EventsInspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkPerforming General Physical ActivitiesHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersRepairing and Maintaining Electronic EquipmentDocumenting/Recording InformationDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking Creatively
Spreadsheet softwareMEDITECH softwareEpic SystemseClinicalWorks EHR softwareMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft SharePointMicrosoft WordComputer records systemsFreedom MedTEACHHealthprolink MedAtlasLabel-making softwareMicrosoft ExcelMultitask softwarePyxis MedStation softwareRecordkeeping softwareRxKinetics UD Labels for WindowsTPNassistSpreadsheet softwareMEDITECH softwareEpic SystemseClinicalWorks EHR softwareMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft SharePointMicrosoft OutlookComputer records systemsFreedom MedTEACHMultitask softwarePyxis MedStation softwareRecordkeeping softwareTPNassistInsurance claim processing softwareTTP LabTech comPOUNDWord processing softwareWord processing softwareHealthprolink MedAtlasLabel-making softwareRxKinetics UD Labels for WindowsInsurance claim processing softwareTTP LabTech comPOUNDMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft WordWeb browser softwareWeb browser software
Physician Assistants
Medium41.05%
Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants.
Registered Nurses
Medium37.38%
Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required.
Clinical Nurse Specialists
Medium40.96%
Direct nursing staff in the provision of patient care in a clinical practice setting, such as a hospital, hospice, clinic, or home. Ensure adherence to established clinical policies, protocols, regulations, and standards.
Nurse Anesthetists
Low30.75%
Administer anesthesia, monitor patient's vital signs, and oversee patient recovery from anesthesia. May assist anesthesiologists, surgeons, other physicians, or dentists. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
Nurse Practitioners
Medium43.76%
Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
Anesthesiologists
Medium38.32%
Administer anesthetics and analgesics for pain management prior to, during, or after surgery.
Cardiologists
Medium38.46%
Diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system. May further subspecialize in interventional procedures (e.g., balloon angioplasty and stent placement), echocardiography, or electrophysiology.
Emergency Medicine Physicians
Medium39.71%
Make immediate medical decisions and act to prevent death or further disability. Provide immediate recognition, evaluation, care, stabilization, and disposition of patients. May direct emergency medical staff in an emergency department.
Family Medicine Physicians
Medium43.08%
Diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment.
General Internal Medicine Physicians
Medium37.53%
Diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults and adolescents, and are based primarily in an outpatient care setting.
Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Medium36.09%
Provide medical care related to pregnancy or childbirth. Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of women, particularly those affecting the reproductive system. May also provide general care to women. May perform both medical and gynecological surgery functions.
Pediatricians, General
Medium39.09%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and injuries in children. May refer patients to specialists for further diagnosis or treatment, as needed.
Allergists and Immunologists
Medium38.37%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent allergic diseases and disease processes affecting the immune system.
Hospitalists
Medium42.13%
Provide inpatient care predominantly in settings such as medical wards, acute care units, intensive care units, rehabilitation centers, or emergency rooms. Manage and coordinate patient care throughout treatment.
Preventive Medicine Physicians
Medium44.14%
Apply knowledge of general preventive medicine and public health issues to promote health care to groups or individuals, and aid in the prevention or reduction of risk of disease, injury, disability, or death. May practice population-based medicine or diagnose and treat patients in the context of clinical health promotion and disease prevention.
Naturopathic Physicians
Medium34.38%
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases using a system of practice that is based on the natural healing capacity of individuals. May use physiological, psychological or mechanical methods. May also use natural medicines, prescription or legend drugs, foods, herbs, or other natural remedies.
Pharmacy Technicians
Medium58.91%
Prepare medications under the direction of a pharmacist. May measure, mix, count out, label, and record amounts and dosages of medications according to prescription orders.
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses
Low29.14%
Care for ill, injured, or convalescing patients or persons with disabilities in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, private homes, group homes, and similar institutions. May work under the supervision of a registered nurse. Licensing required.
Medical Assistants
Medium39.45%
Perform administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of a physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes. Clinical duties may include taking and recording vital signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician.
Pharmacy Aides
Medium60.20%
Record drugs delivered to the pharmacy, store incoming merchandise, and inform the supervisor of stock needs. May operate cash register and accept prescriptions for filling.
Dietitians and Nutritionists
Medium47.32%
Plan and conduct food service or nutritional programs to assist in the promotion of health and control of disease. May supervise activities of a department providing quantity food services, counsel individuals, or conduct nutritional research.
Dietetic Technicians
Medium45.45%
Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals.
Opticians, Dispensing
Medium52.78%
Design, measure, fit, and adapt lenses and frames for client according to written optical prescription or specification. Assist client with inserting, removing, and caring for contact lenses. Assist client with selecting frames. Measure customer for size of eyeglasses and coordinate frames with facial and eye measurements and optical prescription. Prepare work order for optical laboratory containing instructions for grinding and mounting lenses in frames. Verify exactness of finished lens spectacles. Adjust frame and lens position to fit client. May shape or reshape frames. Includes contact lens opticians.
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers
Low30.03%
Feed, water, and examine pets and other nonfarm animals for signs of illness, disease, or injury in laboratories and animal hospitals and clinics. Clean and disinfect cages and work areas, and sterilize laboratory and surgical equipment. May provide routine postoperative care, administer medication orally or topically, or prepare samples for laboratory examination under the supervision of veterinary or laboratory animal technologists or technicians, veterinarians, or scientists.