Anthropologists and Archeologists
Medium43.46%
Salary Range
Low (10th %)$43,770
Median$63,800
High (90th %)$102,150
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Study the origin, development, and behavior of human beings. May study the way of life, language, or physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world. May engage in systematic recovery and examination of material evidence, such as tools or pottery remaining from past human cultures, in order to determine the history, customs, and living habits of earlier civilizations.
The occupation of "Anthropologists and Archeologists" has an automation risk of 43.5%, which is just slightly below its base risk estimate of 44.2%. This relatively moderate risk level reflects the field’s unique blend of tasks, some of which are more susceptible to automation than others. The profession involves both routine and complex activities, with technology increasingly able to handle data collection, pattern recognition, and certain aspects of analytical reporting. However, many core responsibilities still rely heavily on human judgment, insight, and hands-on skills, which can limit the immediate impact of automation. The top three most automatable tasks in this occupation are "Collect information and make judgments through observation, interviews, and review of documents," "Teach or mentor undergraduate and graduate students in anthropology or archeology," and "Write about and present research findings for a variety of specialized and general audiences." Advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and educational technologies enable the automation of data analysis, standard lectures, and even the writing of research summaries. Automated systems can efficiently process large volumes of information and generate reports, making these tasks more accessible for automation. However, nuanced judgment and adaptive communication are aspects that still pose challenges for AI in these contexts. Conversely, the most resistant tasks are "Participate in forensic activities, such as tooth and bone structure identification, in conjunction with police departments and pathologists," "Clean, restore, and preserve artifacts," and "Consult site reports, existing artifacts, and topographic maps to identify archeological sites." These activities require a high level of manual dexterity, contextual understanding, and collaboration with experts from other disciplines, making them particularly difficult to automate. Additionally, skills such as originality—which has bottleneck levels of 3.1% and 3.3% in this occupation—are crucial, as anthropologists and archeologists frequently develop new research questions and approaches. These bottleneck skills hinder the replacement of professionals by automated systems and help keep the automation risk for this field below the base estimate.
Filter by Automatable Status
Collect information and make judgments through observation, interviews, and review of documents.
Partially Automatable
Teach or mentor undergraduate and graduate students in anthropology or archeology.
Partially Automatable
Write about and present research findings for a variety of specialized and general audiences.
Partially Automatable
Create data records for use in describing and analyzing social patterns and processes, using photography, videography, and audio recordings.
Partially Automatable
Train others in the application of ethnographic research methods to solve problems in organizational effectiveness, communications, technology development, policy making, and program planning.
Partially Automatable
Identify culturally specific beliefs and practices affecting health status and access to services for distinct populations and communities, in collaboration with medical and public health officials.
Non-Automatable
Apply traditional ecological knowledge and assessments of culturally distinctive land and resource management institutions to assist in the resolution of conflicts over habitat protection and resource enhancement.
Non-Automatable
Lead field training sites and train field staff, students, and volunteers in excavation methods.
Non-Automatable
Conduct participatory action research in communities and organizations to assess how work is done and to design work systems, technologies, and environments.
Partially Automatable
Develop and test theories concerning the origin and development of past cultures.
Non-Automatable
Research, survey, or assess sites of past societies and cultures in search of answers to specific research questions.
Partially Automatable
Write grant proposals to obtain funding for research.
Partially Automatable
Advise government agencies, private organizations, and communities regarding proposed programs, plans, and policies and their potential impacts on cultural institutions, organizations, and communities.
Partially Automatable
Organize public exhibits and displays to promote public awareness of diverse and distinctive cultural traditions.
Partially Automatable
Collaborate with economic development planners to decide on the implementation of proposed development policies, plans, and programs based on culturally institutionalized barriers and facilitating circumstances.
Partially Automatable
Develop intervention procedures, using techniques such as individual and focus group interviews, consultations, and participant observation of social interaction.
Partially Automatable
Enhance the cultural sensitivity of elementary and secondary curricula and classroom interactions in collaboration with educators and teachers.
Partially Automatable
Study archival collections of primary historical sources to help explain the origins and development of cultural patterns.
Partially Automatable
Formulate general rules that describe and predict the development and behavior of cultures and social institutions.
Partially Automatable
Assess archeological sites for resource management, development, or conservation purposes and recommend methods for site protection.
Partially Automatable
Gather and analyze artifacts and skeletal remains to increase knowledge of ancient cultures.
Partially Automatable
Compare findings from one site with archeological data from other sites to find similarities or differences.
Partially Automatable
Describe artifacts' physical properties or attributes, such as the materials from which artifacts are made and their size, shape, function, and decoration.
Partially Automatable
Collect artifacts made of stone, bone, metal, and other materials, placing them in bags and marking them to show where they were found.
Non-Automatable
Study objects and structures recovered by excavation to identify, date, and authenticate them and to interpret their significance.
Partially Automatable
Consult site reports, existing artifacts, and topographic maps to identify archeological sites.
Partially Automatable
Clean, restore, and preserve artifacts.
Partially Automatable
Record the exact locations and conditions of artifacts uncovered in diggings or surveys, using drawings and photographs as necessary.
Partially Automatable
Plan and direct research to characterize and compare the economic, demographic, health care, social, political, linguistic, and religious institutions of distinct cultural groups, communities, and organizations.
Partially Automatable
Participate in forensic activities, such as tooth and bone structure identification, in conjunction with police departments and pathologists.
Partially Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningComplex Problem SolvingOperations MonitoringQuality Control AnalysisSystems EvaluationManagement of Personnel ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceCritical ThinkingActive LearningLearning StrategiesMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingService OrientationOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperation and ControlEquipment MaintenanceTroubleshootingRepairingJudgment and Decision MakingSystems AnalysisTime ManagementManagement of Financial ResourcesManagement of Material Resources
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
Administration and ManagementAdministrativeEconomics and AccountingSales and MarketingCustomer and Personal ServicePersonnel and Human ResourcesProduction and ProcessingFood ProductionComputers and ElectronicsEngineering and TechnologyDesignBuilding and ConstructionMechanicalMathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologyPsychologySociology and AnthropologyGeographyHistory and ArcheologyPhilosophy and TheologyPublic Safety and SecurityLaw and GovernmentTelecommunicationsCommunications and MediaTransportationMedicine and DentistryForeign LanguageEnglish LanguageFine ArtsEducation and TrainingTherapy and Counseling
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsInspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsGetting InformationEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationIdentifying Objects, Actions, and EventsProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking CreativelyUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkPerforming General Physical ActivitiesHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesDocumenting/Recording InformationJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleRepairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment
Microsoft FrontPageMicrosoft Internet ExplorerGene Codes SequencherSASApple Final Cut ExpressThe MathWorks MATLABApplied Biosystems GeneMapperAdobe DreamweaverAutomated National Catalog System ANCSGenealogy softwareImage enhancement softwareAdobe IllustratorMicrosoft Windows Movie MakerAdobe InDesignSIL International The Linguist's ShoeboxSYSTATThe University of Tennessee FORDISCIBM SPSS StatisticsMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft SharePointMicrosoft WordWeb browser softwareAdobe PhotoshopAdobe PageMakerFacebookMicrosoft AccessApple iMovieMicrosoft ExcelESRI ArcViewAutodesk AutoCADGraphics softwareC++Global positioning system GPS softwareGeographic information system GIS softwareESRI ArcGIS softwareSTATISTICAESRI ArcInfoMicrosoft Office softwareVoice activated softwareInsightful S-PLUSESRI ArcGIS Survey 123Leica Geosystems ERDAS IMAGINERockWare ArcMapTrimble Pathfinder OfficeGE Healthcare ImageQuant TLMicrosoft WindowsMicrosoft FrontPageMicrosoft Internet ExplorerMicrosoft WindowsSASThe MathWorks MATLABAdobe DreamweaverAdobe IllustratorAge progression softwareAdobe InDesignApple Final Cut ExpressQaulis Research The EthonographApplied Biosystems GeneMapperAutomated National Catalog System ANCSAdobe PageMakerGenealogy softwareImage enhancement softwareSIL International The Linguist's ShoeboxApple iMovieSYSTATThe University of Tennessee FORDISCWeb browser softwareAdobe PhotoshopFacebookGraphics softwareIBM SPSS StatisticsC++Microsoft ExcelESRI ArcViewGlobal positioning system GPS softwareGeographic information system GIS softwareSTATISTICAESRI ArcInfoGeographic information system GIS systemsVoice activated softwareInsightful S-PLUSWolfram Research MathematicaRockWare ArcMapTrimble Pathfinder OfficeGene Codes SequencherMicrosoft WordAutodesk AutoCADWord processing softwareWord processing softwareESRI ArcGIS softwareWolfram Research MathematicaLeica Geosystems ERDAS IMAGINEGolden Software SurferGolden Software SurferAdobe AcrobatAdobe AcrobatData visualization softwareData visualization softwareGeographic information system GIS systemsSoftware development toolsSoftware development toolsESRI ArcGIS Survey 123GE Healthcare ImageQuant TLMicrosoft Windows Movie MakerAge progression softwareQaulis Research The EthonographArcheological Sites Management Information System ASMISArcheological Sites Management Information System ASMISSony Creative Software Vegas Movie StudioSony Creative Software Vegas Movie StudioMicrosoft SharePointMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft AccessStructured query language SQLStructured query language SQL
Data Scientists
Medium59.38%
Develop and implement a set of techniques or analytics applications to transform raw data into meaningful information using data-oriented programming languages and visualization software. Apply data mining, data modeling, natural language processing, and machine learning to extract and analyze information from large structured and unstructured datasets. Visualize, interpret, and report data findings. May create dynamic data reports.
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
Medium47.45%
Study the origins, behavior, diseases, genetics, and life processes of animals and wildlife. May specialize in wildlife research and management. May collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of present and potential use of land and water habitats.
Biologists
Medium43.26%
Research or study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and functions.
Epidemiologists
Medium47.47%
Investigate and describe the determinants and distribution of disease, disability, or health outcomes. May develop the means for prevention and control.
Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
Medium49.96%
Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth's internal composition, atmospheres, and oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists.
Environmental Economists
Medium50.32%
Conduct economic analysis related to environmental protection and use of the natural environment, such as water, air, land, and renewable energy resources. Evaluate and quantify benefits, costs, incentives, and impacts of alternative options using economic principles and statistical techniques.
Survey Researchers
Medium52.28%
Plan, develop, or conduct surveys. May analyze and interpret the meaning of survey data, determine survey objectives, or suggest or test question wording. Includes social scientists who primarily design questionnaires or supervise survey teams.
Sociologists
Medium49.13%
Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members.
Geographers
Medium47.14%
Study the nature and use of areas of the Earth's surface, relating and interpreting interactions of physical and cultural phenomena. Conduct research on physical aspects of a region, including land forms, climates, soils, plants, and animals, and conduct research on the spatial implications of human activities within a given area, including social characteristics, economic activities, and political organization, as well as researching interdependence between regions at scales ranging from local to global.
Historians
Medium48.06%
Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters.
Social Science Research Assistants
Medium53.73%
Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management.
Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium44.26%
Teach courses in environmental science. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium41.55%
Teach courses in anthropology or archeology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium47.00%
Teach courses pertaining to the culture and development of an area, an ethnic group, or any other group, such as Latin American studies, women's studies, or urban affairs. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Geography Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium41.30%
Teach courses in geography. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium43.63%
Teach courses in political science, international affairs, and international relations. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium40.00%
Teach courses in sociology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
History Teachers, Postsecondary
Medium42.34%
Teach courses in human history and historiography. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
Archivists
Medium51.16%
Appraise, edit, and direct safekeeping of permanent records and historically valuable documents. Participate in research activities based on archival materials.
Curators
Medium44.14%
Administer collections, such as artwork, collectibles, historic items, or scientific specimens of museums or other institutions. May conduct instructional, research, or public service activities of institution.