Salary Range
Low (10th %)$32,260
Median$46,840
High (90th %)$75,440
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Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles.
The automation risk for Parking Enforcement Workers stands at 47.2%, which closely aligns with the occupation's calculated base risk of 47.7%. This moderate risk level results from a combination of routine, automatable responsibilities and certain human-dependent tasks. As technology advances—particularly in fields like computer vision, sensor integration, and data analysis—a number of core duties in this occupation become increasingly susceptible to automation. The base risk reflects not only the technical feasibility of replacing workers with robots or algorithms for some tasks but also practical and social constraints that make full automation less likely in the near term. Among the most automatable tasks for Parking Enforcement Workers are "assign and review the work of subordinates," "enter and retrieve information pertaining to vehicle registration, identification, and status, using hand-held computers," and "patrol an assigned area by vehicle or on foot to ensure public compliance with existing parking ordinance." These activities involve process oversight, data entry, and predictable, repetitive movement—all of which are well-suited to software or robotics solutions. For instance, modern municipal software now assigns schedules and monitors task completion, while computer vision–aided vehicles or drones can patrol and record infractions autonomously. The automation of these tasks demonstrates why nearly half of the occupation's activities could be performed, at least in part, by machines. Nevertheless, several tasks performed by Parking Enforcement Workers are notably resistant to automation, reducing the overall risk score. Most resistant are "provide assistance to motorists needing help with problems, such as flat tires, keys locked in cars, or dead batteries," "wind parking meter clocks," and "collect coins deposited in meters." These tasks often require hands-on intervention, physical dexterity, or real-time problem-solving skills in unpredictable settings, all of which present significant technical barriers for automated systems. A further bottleneck is the skill of originality, with low percentages of 2.0% and 2.3% across key areas—indicating limited but important creative problem solving and adaptability remain necessary for the profession, particularly in the face of unusual situations that standardized algorithms cannot easily address.
Filter by Automatable Status
Assign and review the work of subordinates.
Partially Automatable
Enter and retrieve information pertaining to vehicle registration, identification, and status, using hand-held computers.
Automatable
Patrol an assigned area by vehicle or on foot to ensure public compliance with existing parking ordinance.
Non-Automatable
Write warnings and citations for illegally parked vehicles.
Automatable
Appear in court at hearings regarding contested traffic citations.
Non-Automatable
Maintain assigned equipment and supplies, such as hand-held citation computers, citation books, rain gear, tire-marking chalk, and street cones.
Partially Automatable
Respond to and make radio dispatch calls regarding parking violations and complaints.
Partially Automatable
Maintain close communications with dispatching personnel, using two-way radios or cell phones.
Partially Automatable
Observe and report hazardous conditions, such as missing traffic signals or signs, and street markings that need to be repainted.
Automatable
Identify vehicles in violation of parking codes, checking with dispatchers when necessary to confirm identities or to determine whether vehicles need to be booted or towed.
Partially Automatable
Train new or temporary staff.
Partially Automatable
Make arrangements for illegally parked or abandoned vehicles to be towed, and direct tow-truck drivers to the correct vehicles.
Automatable
Investigate and answer complaints regarding contested parking citations, determining their validity and routing them appropriately.
Partially Automatable
Provide information to the public regarding parking regulations and facilities, and the location of streets, buildings and points of interest.
Automatable
Prepare and maintain required records, including logs of parking enforcement activities, and records of contested citations.
Automatable
Mark tires of parked vehicles with chalk and record time of marking, and return at regular intervals to ensure that parking time limits are not exceeded.
Partially Automatable
Locate lost, stolen, and counterfeit parking permits, and take necessary enforcement action.
Partially Automatable
Collect coins deposited in meters.
Non-Automatable
Wind parking meter clocks.
Non-Automatable
Provide assistance to motorists needing help with problems, such as flat tires, keys locked in cars, or dead batteries.
Non-Automatable
Perform simple vehicle maintenance procedures, such as checking oil and gas, and report mechanical problems to supervisors.
Non-Automatable
Perform traffic control duties such as setting up barricades and temporary signs, placing bags on parking meters to limit their use, or directing traffic.
Non-Automatable
Reading ComprehensionActive ListeningCritical ThinkingComplex Problem SolvingOperations MonitoringEquipment MaintenanceJudgment and Decision MakingManagement of Financial ResourcesWritingSpeakingMathematicsScienceActive LearningLearning StrategiesMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationPersuasionNegotiationInstructingService OrientationOperations AnalysisTechnology DesignEquipment SelectionInstallationProgrammingOperation and ControlTroubleshootingRepairingQuality Control AnalysisSystems AnalysisSystems EvaluationTime ManagementManagement of Material ResourcesManagement of Personnel Resources
Arm-Hand SteadinessAuditory AttentionCategory FlexibilityControl PrecisionDeductive ReasoningDepth PerceptionDynamic FlexibilityDynamic StrengthExplosive StrengthExtent FlexibilityFar VisionFinger DexterityFlexibility of ClosureFluency of IdeasGlare SensitivityGross Body CoordinationGross Body EquilibriumHearing SensitivityInductive ReasoningInformation OrderingManual DexterityMathematical ReasoningMemorizationMultilimb CoordinationNear VisionNight VisionNumber FacilityOral ComprehensionOral ExpressionOriginalityPerceptual SpeedPeripheral VisionProblem SensitivityRate ControlReaction TimeResponse OrientationSelective AttentionSound LocalizationSpatial OrientationSpeech ClaritySpeech RecognitionSpeed of ClosureSpeed of Limb MovementStaminaStatic StrengthTime SharingTrunk StrengthVisual Color DiscriminationVisualizationWrist-Finger SpeedWritten ComprehensionWritten Expression
Administration and ManagementAdministrativeEconomics and AccountingSales and MarketingCustomer and Personal ServicePersonnel and Human ResourcesProduction and ProcessingFood ProductionComputers and ElectronicsEngineering and TechnologyDesignBuilding and ConstructionMechanicalMathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologyPsychologySociology and AnthropologyGeographyMedicine and DentistryHistory and ArcheologyPhilosophy and TheologyPublic Safety and SecurityLaw and GovernmentTelecommunicationsCommunications and MediaTransportationForeign LanguageEnglish LanguageFine ArtsEducation and TrainingTherapy and Counseling
Identifying Objects, Actions, and EventsInspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsMonitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsGetting InformationEstimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationJudging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleProcessing InformationEvaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsAnalyzing Data or InformationMaking Decisions and Solving ProblemsThinking CreativelyUpdating and Using Relevant KnowledgeHandling and Moving ObjectsControlling Machines and ProcessesOperating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentWorking with ComputersRepairing and Maintaining Electronic EquipmentDocumenting/Recording InformationDrafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentInterpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersCommunicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesCommunicating with People Outside the OrganizationEstablishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsOrganizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkAssisting and Caring for OthersSelling or Influencing OthersRepairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentResolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersPerforming for or Working Directly with the PublicCoordinating the Work and Activities of OthersDeveloping and Building TeamsTraining and Teaching OthersGuiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesCoaching and Developing OthersProviding Consultation and Advice to OthersPerforming Administrative ActivitiesStaffing Organizational UnitsMonitoring and Controlling ResourcesDeveloping Objectives and StrategiesScheduling Work and ActivitiesPerforming General Physical Activities
Complus Data Innovations FastTrackIntegrated Parking Solutions MAppTicket issuing softwareVehicle information databasesMicrosoft OutlookComplus Data Innovations FastTrackIntegrated Parking Solutions MAppMicrosoft WindowsTicket issuing softwareVehicle information databasesWord processing softwareMicrosoft OutlookMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft WordWeb browser softwareOperating system softwareOperating system softwareWord processing softwareMicrosoft WindowsMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft Office softwareMicrosoft PowerPointMicrosoft WordWeb browser softwareMicrosoft AccessMicrosoft Access
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
Medium54.11%
Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with organizational policies and applicable government laws or regulations. Includes logistics managers.
Compliance Officers
Medium53.94%
Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere.
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
Low27.10%
Maintain order and protect life and property by enforcing local, tribal, state, or federal laws and ordinances. Perform a combination of the following duties: patrol a specific area; direct traffic; issue traffic summonses; investigate accidents; apprehend and arrest suspects, or serve legal processes of courts. Includes police officers working at educational institutions.
Transit and Railroad Police
Low32.83%
Protect and police railroad and transit property, employees, or passengers.
Security Guards
Medium47.69%
Guard, patrol, or monitor premises to prevent theft, violence, or infractions of rules. May operate x-ray and metal detector equipment.
Crossing Guards and Flaggers
Medium47.59%
Guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as streets, schools, railroad crossings, or construction sites.
Transportation Security Screeners
Medium43.69%
Conduct screening of passengers, baggage, or cargo to ensure compliance with Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations. May operate basic security equipment such as x-ray machines and hand wands at screening checkpoints.
Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance
Medium65.75%
Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equipment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materials, freight, or passengers, or for normal installation, service, or emergency repairs rendered outside the place of business. Duties may include using radio, telephone, or computer to transmit assignments and compiling statistics and reports on work progress.
Highway Maintenance Workers
Low20.84%
Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement and repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road, or plow snow from roadway.
First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators
Medium53.71%
Directly supervise and coordinate activities of material-moving machine and vehicle operators and helpers.
Air Traffic Controllers
Medium54.48%
Control air traffic on and within vicinity of airport, and movement of air traffic between altitude sectors and control centers, according to established procedures and policies. Authorize, regulate, and control commercial airline flights according to government or company regulations to expedite and ensure flight safety.
Light Truck Drivers
Medium51.40%
Drive a light vehicle, such as a truck or van, with a capacity of less than 26,001 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), primarily to pick up merchandise or packages from a distribution center and deliver. May load and unload vehicle.
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity
Medium58.38%
Drive bus or motor coach, including regular route operations, charters, and private carriage. May assist passengers with baggage. May collect fares or tickets.
Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs
Medium54.81%
Drive a motor vehicle to transport passengers on a planned or scheduled basis. May collect a fare. Includes nonemergency medical transporters and hearse drivers.
Taxi Drivers
Medium45.31%
Drive a motor vehicle to transport passengers on an unplanned basis and charge a fare, usually based on a meter.
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters
Medium56.73%
Coordinate activities of switch-engine crew within railroad yard, industrial plant, or similar location. Conductors coordinate activities of train crew on passenger or freight trains. Yardmasters review train schedules and switching orders and coordinate activities of workers engaged in railroad traffic operations, such as the makeup or breakup of trains and yard switching.
Parking Attendants
Low28.07%
Park vehicles or issue tickets for customers in a parking lot or garage. May park or tend vehicles in environments such as a car dealership or rental car facility. May collect fee.
Traffic Technicians
Medium59.96%
Conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of signals, adequacy of lighting, and other factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic engineer.
Transportation Vehicle, Equipment and Systems Inspectors, Except Aviation
Medium49.50%
Inspect and monitor transportation equipment, vehicles, or systems to ensure compliance with regulations and safety standards.
Passenger Attendants
Medium53.57%
Provide services to ensure the safety of passengers aboard ships, buses, trains, or within the station or terminal. Perform duties such as explaining the use of safety equipment, serving meals or beverages, or answering questions related to travel.
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers
Medium41.25%
Monitor recreational areas, such as pools, beaches, or ski slopes, to provide assistance and protection to participants.
Bus Drivers, School
Medium48.53%
Drive a school bus to transport students. Ensure adherence to safety rules. May assist students in boarding or exiting.