Penetration Testers

Evaluate network system security by conducting simulated internal and external cyberattacks using adversary tools and techniques. Attempt to breach and exploit critical systems and gain access to sensitive information to assess system security.

The occupation "Penetration Testers" carries an automation risk of 51.1%, indicating that over half of its key functions could potentially be automated with advancing technology. Penetration testing involves simulated cyberattacks to identify vulnerabilities in networks, systems, and applications. The moderate risk level reflects both the repetitive nature of some job aspects and the complex problem-solving required in others. As artificial intelligence and automation platforms evolve, many technical and data-driven aspects of the job are becoming increasingly susceptible to automation. Tools now exist that automatically scan networks for weaknesses, produce vulnerability reports, and even simulate some phases of an attack without direct human involvement. Among the most automatable tasks are those that rely most heavily on data processing, pattern recognition, and structured activities guided by established criteria. Firstly, tasks that assess the physical security of servers, systems, or network devices—such as environmental vulnerability checks—lend themselves well to sensors, automated monitoring, and analytics. Secondly, collecting stakeholder data to evaluate risks and develop mitigation strategies is largely data-driven, potentially automated via digital surveys and risk engines. Thirdly, conducting network and security system audits according to established protocols is increasingly handled by automated scanners and auditing tools, which can comb through vast amounts of log data and flag compliance issues far more efficiently than humans. Conversely, the most resistant tasks are those demanding creativity, contextual understanding, and nuanced communication. Writing audit reports that detail technical and procedural findings and recommend organizational solutions requires tailored communication skills and a deep understanding of business context. Updating corporate policies to address evolving cybersecurity threats is a strategic activity that demands organizational awareness and forward-thinking—qualities that challenge current AI capabilities. Finally, testing system security by actually attempting to penetrate networks, web applications, or computers calls for improvisational problem-solving, adapting to unpredictable defenses and recognizing subtle vulnerabilities. Bottleneck skills in this occupation are report writing (Expert), cyber policy development (Advanced), and adaptive security testing methodologies (Expert), which remain largely outside the practical reach of automation for now.